Evaluation of Wideband Channel Characteristics and Path-Loss Models for 5G Macro-Cell Networks in Nigeria

Abstract

This study evaluates the performance of wideband channels and path-loss models in 5G macro-cell deployments across diverse terrains in Abuja, with a particular emphasis on urban and rural areas. The study uses a standardised empirical model to investigate the effect of mobility, environmental conditions, and propagation scenarios on signal quality. Extensive field measurements were performed utilising drive tests, spectrum analysers, and 5G-enabled user equipment to analyse characteristics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), delay spread, Doppler spread, and route loss at various mobility speeds and ambient conditions. The findings show that mobility severely reduces signal quality in urban contexts, with RSSI declining from -91.35 dBm at 30 km/h to -114.29 dBm at 100 km/h. SNR decreased appropriately, whereas delay spread rose considerably owing to multipath effects.  Rural areas, while less blocked, nonetheless showed significant route loss and interference, with Doppler spread staying reasonably steady. The 3GPP TR 38.901 wideband channel model was used to simulate propagation in several deployment conditions, which confirmed field findings. Comparisons of clear and moist meteorological circumstances demonstrated the susceptibility of 5G signals to environmental variations. The study emphasises the need of specialised path-loss models and adaptive network design in improving 5G performance across different Nigerian terrains. It gives vital insights for maximising coverage, minimising interference, and maintaining reliable connection, helping to efficient 5G implementation plans in Sub-Saharan Africa.