Air Pollution Trends and Patterns in Haryana, India: A District-wise Analysis

Abstract

Aims: This study assessed the status and temporal variation of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations across the NCR districts of Haryana during 2019–2024 and compared the observed air-quality conditions with Delhi. Study Design: A retrospective, observational, and comparative study was conducted to examine changes in particulate matter concentrations over six years. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the NCR districts of Haryana, with corresponding air quality data from Delhi included for comparison. The study period covered 2019–2024, with particular emphasis on the elevated pollution conditions observed during the winter months. Methodology: PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ data were analysed to determine temporal trends and compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). District-level concentrations were compared with Delhi data and interpreted in light of agricultural activities, industrial growth, climatic conditions, and air pollution control measures implemented by the Haryana State Pollution Control Board. Results: PM₂.₅ concentrations generally exceeded the annual NAAQS of 40 µg/m³ at most locations, although some locations recorded concentrations at or below the standard. PM₁₀ concentrations generally exceeded the annual NAAQS of 60 µg/m³. The Haryana average PM₂.₅ increased from 47 µg/m³ in 2019 to 103 µg/m³ in 2024, while PM₁₀ increased from 82.11 to 186 µg/m³ over the same period. Several districts recorded pollution levels approaching those observed in Delhi, particularly during winter, when unfavourable meteorological conditions contributed to pollutant accumulation. These findings indicate substantial deterioration in air quality and growing environmental and public health concerns across the NCR districts of Haryana. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a persistent increase in particulate pollution across Haryana’s NCR districts. Frequent exceedances of NAAQS and pollution levels approaching those in Delhi highlight the urgent need for effective emission-control measures, strengthened air-quality monitoring, improved implementation of the winter action plan, and coordinated long-term air pollution management strategies.