Antibiogram of Biofilm Forming Oral Streptococci Species Isolated from Dental Caries Patients Visiting Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu Nigeria

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The potential roles of diverse bacterial communities in oral cavity are influence by biofilm formation which promote colonization and lead to increase severity of dental caries and poor respond to antimicrobial therapy. Information on bacterial biofilm features are limited in dental disease were it challenges patient management in Nigeria. This current study was designed to determine the Antibiogram of biofilm forming Oral Streptococci species isolated from Dental Caries Patients Visiting FCDT &T Enugu. Methodology: A total of four hundred and fifty (450) swab sample which include one hundred and fifty (150) each for dental caries, dental plaque and saliva of infected dental caries patient were collected and analyzed using Standard Microbiological protocol for isolation and identification. Detection of biofilm formation in oral Streptococci species was performed using Qualitative Biofilm Assay Technique. Antibiogram studies of biofilm forming oral Streptococci species was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) was determined for MDR oral Streptococci species. Results: Of the 317 (70.4%) Oral Streptococci species isolated, greater proportion were S. mutans 167 (37.1%), followed by S. salivarius 61 (13.5%), S. mitis 56 (12.5%) and S. sanguis 33(7.3%) as the least isolate. Oral Streptococci species were highly predominant in dental caries sample 167(37.1) followed by dental plaque 104(23.1%) and saliva 46(10.2). oral Streptococci species were common amongst age 21-35years 162 (36.0%). High proportion of oral Streptococci species 181(40.2%) was observed in male subject (significant at p<0.05) over female 136(30.2%) with no association between presences of oral Streptococci species and dental caries at p<0.05 in female patient. Bio-film formers comprises of higher detection rate in dental caries sample 78 (46.7 %) accompanied by dental plaque 76 (44.2%) and saliva samples 13(28.2%) with no identified association between bio-film production in oral Streptococci species and sample source (p<0.05). The isolates exhibited high percentage of resistance within the range of 50-100% against tetracycline Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, Oxacillin and penicillin G and also exhibit MDR with MARI value of ≥0.4 but were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 87.5%, Amoxicillin 97.1% and Gentamicin 100%. Conclusion: This study report high prevalence of Oral Streptococci species among dental caries patient and emphasize the need for good oral hygiene to minimize occurrence of plaque mediating biofilm formation and assemblage of biofilm bacteria. Amoxicillin, Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were highly effective and require judicious application in dental care while further antibiotic treatment for dental patient should rely on appropriate surveillance and screening for selection of antimicrobial therapy.