Assessing Urban Road Network Connectivity Using GIS and Graph Theory in Lucknow, India

Abstract

This study provides a spatially explicit assessment of Lucknow’s road network by examining connectivity and spatial coverage as fundamental dimensions of urban transportation infrastructure. The analysis encompasses 110 municipal wards and evaluates a road network comprising 58,876 nodes and 79,646 edges, providing a detailed representation of its structural configuration. Recognising that road infrastructure adequacy cannot be determined solely by total road length, the study examines node–link relationships, route alternatives, network organisation, and spatial distribution. An integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and graph-theoretical framework is employed for ward-level assessment using Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Eta, and Grid-Tree Pattern indices. The results reveal a developing yet spatially heterogeneous network characterised by limited circuitry, moderate node–link integration, and considerable variation in structural connectivity. Connectivity is comparatively lower in historically developed wards, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Yahia Ganj, whereas Bhartendu Harishchandra, Ismail Ganj, and Vivekanand Puri exhibit stronger connectivity. Coverage analysis identifies pronounced spatial disparities, with several older urban areas demonstrating relatively high road density but weaker structural integration, while peripheral wards generally exhibit lower road densities owing to their larger spatial extent and prevailing land-use characteristics. The findings demonstrate that road-network expansion alone does not necessarily improve connectivity. Enhanced network performance requires integrated routes, greater continuity, alternative corridors, and coordinated transportation and land-use planning. The study therefore supports differentiated interventions for historically developed areas and rapidly expanding peripheral zones. Overall, the GIS and graph-theoretical framework provides a systematic basis for diagnosing spatial disparities and informing efficient, integrated, and sustainable transportation planning in rapidly urbanising Indian cities.