Assessment of Spatial Variability and Mapping of Selected Soil Properties in Southern Region of Kaithal District, Haryana, India

Abstract

Soil nutrient deficiency is a key driver of land degradation globally, leading to substantial reduction in crop productivity. Understanding the spatial distribution of soil properties is essential for implementing site-specific nutrient management strategies. This study was carried out in the Kaithal district of Haryana, covering the Kalayat, Rajound and Pundri blocks. A total of 107 geo-referenced soil samples were collected, and spatial variability maps were generated using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique in ArcGIS 10.5. The soils in all three blocks exhibited with alkaline pH (7.00-8.80), low to high organic carbon content (0.15-1.05%) and non-saline nature with pockets of high salinity soils. Textural classes ranged mainly from loam to clay loam, reflecting moderate variability in soil physical characteristics. Available nitrogen levels were consistently low (91–210 kg ha-1), whereas phosphorus (6–61 kg ha-1) and potassium (80–440 kg ha-1) showed low to high variability. Among the micronutrients, manganese deficiency was detected only in limited areas, while most other micronutrients were present in moderate to high concentrations. A positive relationship was observed between soil organic carbon and available nutrient levels, highlighting the role of organic matter in nutrient retention and supply. The spatial variability maps effectively illustrated nutrient distribution patterns and can support improved crop productivity, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, sustainable resource management and increased farm profitability.