A Comparative Analysis of Teeth Exfoliation Patterns in Public and Private Primary Schools in Enugu, Nigeria: Results from a School-based Study

Abstract

The exfoliation of primary teeth is a critical process in children's oral development, influenced by genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This study investigated the differences in teeth exfoliation patterns between children attending public and private primary schools in Enugu, Nigeria, and evaluate potential correlations with school environments. A descriptive survey design was employed, with data collected from 186 children (105 from public schools and 81 from private schools) using stratified sampling. Structured datasheets were utilized to record exfoliation timings, and statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing, were conducted. Key findings revealed that the public school students exhibited earlier exfoliation of deciduous teeth compared to the private school students. In the 5–7 age group, 66 public school children experienced incisor exfoliation versus 24 in private schools. Similarly, in the 8–10 age group, 39 public school children shed incisors compared to 52 in private schools, suggesting delayed exfoliation in the latter. Canine and molar exfoliation followed comparable trends, with public school students showing earlier shedding. Gender distribution was balanced (public schools: 44.76% male, 55.24% female; private schools: 44.45% male, 55.55% female), and the 5–7 age group was most represented in both school types (public: 31.40%; private: 35.80%). A chi-square test yielded a highly significant p-value of 3.458e-13, confirming that exfoliation patterns differed substantially between school types. These disparities may stem from socioeconomic factors, including differential access to dental care, nutritional habits, and oral hygiene practices. The results highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as school-based oral health programs and policies to improve preventive dental care access, particularly in public schools. This study underscores the role of socioeconomic context in oral health outcomes and provides a foundation for future research on equitable dental care strategies.