Monographic study on Ficus exasperata Vahl: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity

Abstract

Background: Ficus exasperata (Vahl) is widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments such as diabetes, inflammation, ulcers, hypertension, and infections.The plant parts are also used as animal fodder. Aim: The aim of the review was carried out using data from Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct, Sciencedomain and Scifinder to examine published scientific reports, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological books on its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Results: This review consolidates data on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Key bioactive compounds include tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and antimicrobial activities. Toxicological studies highlight potential hepatic and renal risks at high doses, emphasizing the need for dose optimization Conclusion: The findings of this study are  useful for  developing a monograph on the plant. The data collected can also support the formulation of TAMs (Traditional Improved Medicines) for proposing safe and effective treatments.