Beyond Dye and Medicine: Reviving Indigofera tinctoria L. Cultivation for Water Sustainability, Fodder Resilience and Economic Opportunity in Iran

Abstract

Drought is an inevitable phenomenon that frequently occurs in hot and arid regions, and Iran faces significant challenges in terms of water availability due to its geographical and climatic conditions. Studies suggest that future years will likely witness more severe droughts and water shortages than previously experienced. The cultivation and processing of plants have long attracted global interest, particularly in countries like Iran, where many plant species possess valuable medicinal, industrial, and agricultural properties. Among these, Indigofera tinctoria L., commonly known as indigo, stands out as a neglected yet highly promising plant with diverse applications. Indigo has a long history of use for natural dye production, which is widely applied in the textile industry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, it holds potential as a medicinal plant in traditional medicine and as a nutritious fodder crop for livestock. This study aims to investigate the multifaceted uses of indigo—including its pharmaceutical, industrial, and agricultural applications—while emphasizing its role in promoting sustainable agriculture, especially under drought-prone conditions. The research was conducted through a review of library sources and scientific literature. The findings highlight the plant's adaptability to harsh environmental conditions, such as drought and poor soil quality, and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it beneficial for soil health. Furthermore, indigo exhibits high nutritional value as fodder, particularly for ruminants, and can contribute significantly to food security and rural employment when cultivated systematically. Given its ecological resilience and multiple benefits, reviving the cultivation of indigo in appropriate agroecological zones of Iran could support sustainable agricultural systems, conserve water resources, and provide economic opportunities.