Binucleated Cells: A Comprehensive Review of Biological and Pathological Significance

Abstract

Background: Binucleated cells are a type of cell that contains two nuclei within their cytoplasm and are commonly observed in both normal and pathological conditions. They play essential roles in physiological processes, such as tissue repair and adaptation, and are also implicated in various diseases. Understanding their formation and behavior is critical to uncovering their significance in health and disease. Objectives: This review aims to discuss the literature on binucleated cells, focusing on their presence in normal tissues and disease states, the mechanisms of their formation, their clinical significance, and potential implications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Methods: For this narrative review, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were utilized to search for articles about binucleated cells. The final set includes 23 academic articles that matched the inclusion criteria. Results: The reviewed studies indicate that binucleated cells are present in various normal tissues, including the liver, bone, and spleen, where they contribute to regeneration and immune response. They also play significant roles in autoimmune diseases, infections (e.g., HPV and HSV), and cancers, serving as crucial diagnostic markers for early detection and disease progression. Conclusions: Binucleated cells represent a valuable tool for understanding and addressing diseases. Their biological and pathological roles open new avenues for scientific advancements in diagnostics and treatment strategies.