Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients with Bone Metastasis in Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital Denpasar 2022-2024

Abstract

Aims: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Indonesia and frequently metastasizes to bone, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital Denpasar during 2022–2024. Study Design: This study employed a descriptive retrospective design and was conducted following approval from the institutional ethics committee. Place and Duration of Study: Data were obtained from electronic medical records of patients treated at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar. The accessible population consisted of all patients diagnosed with bone metastasis secondary to breast cancer who attended the Oncology Outpatient Clinic between January 2022 and December 2024. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional design was used, based on secondary data from medical records of eligible patients, and univariate analysis was performed to summarize clinicopathological features. A total sampling technique was applied, yielding 90 eligible patients who met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Of the 90 patients included, all were female, most commonly aged 50–59 years. Tumors were nearly evenly distributed between the right and left breasts, with T4 size, N1 nodal category, and grade III being the dominant characteristics. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma/No Special Type (IDC/NST) was the most frequent histopathology, and Luminal B was the most common immunohistochemical subtype. Most patients showed low TILs, negative LVI, and presented with both bone and visceral metastases. The most common treatment approach was a combination of surgery and systemic therapy. Conclusion: Overall, patients tended to have large, high-grade tumors and the Luminal B subtype, indicating features associated with poorer prognosis and a higher risk of metastasis. Multidisciplinary management should continue to be optimized to enhance quality of life and treatment effectiveness in patients with metastatic breast cancer. These findings advocate for targeted interventions to mitigate late-stage presentations.