Comparative Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Ramnagar City, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

The present study aimed to comparatively assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water from two major sources in Ramnagar City, Uttarakhand—river water and treated municipal supply. Rapid urbanization and increasing anthropogenic activities have placed considerable stress on local water resources, often affecting their safety and potability. In this context, ensuring the quality of drinking water is crucial for maintaining community health and preventing water-borne diseases. Water samples were collected from two sites: one directly from the river that serves as the city’s primary source, and another from the treated household supply (nagarpalika). The samples were analysed for key parameters including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, chloride, nitrate, and microbial load, following IS:10500:2012 and WHO drinking water quality standards. Results revealed that most physicochemical parameters of both sources were within permissible limits; however, slight variations were observed in turbidity and hardness between the source and supply water. The microbial count was notably higher in untreated river water, indicating possible contamination due to environmental and anthropogenic factors prior to treatment. Overall, the treated municipal water was found to be comparatively safer and fit for consumption, demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment practices at the local level. The study underscores the importance of periodic monitoring of both source and treated water to ensure sustained water quality, public health safety, and awareness among residents about safe storage and consumption practices.