Cytological Abnormalities in Sputum Samples of Sudanese Women Practicing Dukhan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study in Shendi Town

Abstract

Background: Sputum cytology is a diagnostic technique used to examine sputum samples under a microscope to detect abnormal cellular changes. Dukhan, a traditional Sudanese smoke bath, is widely used by women, particularly in Shendi town, for therapeutic, cosmetic, and cultural purposes. The practice typically involves weekly to multiple weekly exposures to smoke from burning Acacia seyal wood. Chronic inhalation of smoke may lead to cytological alterations in the respiratory tract. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2024 to February 2025, among women who practice Dukhan in Shendi town. A total of 40 sputum samples were collected and processed using conventional cytological techniques to assess potential cellular abnormalities. Results: The most common age group among participants was 30–40 years. The study revealed several cytological changes, including keratosis (100%), cellular degeneration (87.5%), cytoplasmic vacuolization (50%), inflammation (55%), nuclear atypia (20%), necrosis (7.5%) A statistically significant association was observed between Dukhan use and cytological alterations, especially squamous metaplasia and degenerative changes (P-value = 0.00). Conclusion: The use of Dukhan is associated with cytological changes in sputum, including cytoplasmic and nuclear atypia, inflammation, and cellular degeneration. These findings highlight the importance of more research and public awareness efforts on the health risks linked to Dukhan exposure.