A Comprehensive Review on the Rise of Microgreens as an Emerging Powerhouse in Human Nutrition

Abstract

Mineral nutrition remains a persistent global challenge, as macro and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent. Conventional agriculture faces sustainability constraints that include fertilizer overuse and pollution. Microgreens are young edible seedlings of vegetables, herbs and cereals harvested in 7-21 days after germination, which are a promising nutrient-dense alternative. These tender greens exhibit significantly higher concentrations of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive phytochemicals compared to mature plants or sprouts due to minimal tissue dilution and photosynthesis-driven accumulation. This review synthesizes recent advances in microgreens research, highlighting their superior nutritional profile, low-input cultivation via soilless systems, controlled-environment agriculture, suitability and consumer behaviour. Key benefits include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity and gut microbiota-modulating properties, supported by in vitro and animal studies. Production using low-cost, region-specific biomaterials reduces expenses and post-harvest losses, enhancing accessibility across all income groups. Despite rapid market growth, challenges persist, such as short shelf life, microbial risks, and limited human clinical trials. Future directions emphasize biofortification, advanced post-harvest technologies, large-scale human  studies, and integration into sustainable urban farming to combat hidden hunger and non-communicable diseases.