Smart Agricultural Technologies for Sustainable Food Production under Climate Change Pressures

Abstract

Climate change is a major challenge to international food security, and hence, new strategies need to be developed to ensure sustainable food production. This paper comprehensively examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have been applied in agriculture to determine their suitability in enhancing productivity, resource utilisation and environmental sustainability in diverse climate conditions. A systematic review of scholarly 55 peer-reviewed studies (2014-2025) has demonstrated that AI- and IoT-based solutions have been used to increase the efficiency of irrigation, optimise nutrient and pest management, and mitigate climate risks. These technologies help in greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and chemical application reduction and also enhance crop yields. Although these have these advantages, the smallholder farmers have been limited in adopting them due to high cost, lack of technical expertise and infrastructural setbacks. These solutions should be scaled fairly with the help of policy support, capacity-building efforts, and environmentally friendly technological designs. The results highlight the opportunities of smart agriculture to support the development of sustainable, climate-resistant food production across the world.