Effect of Ultraviolet Photofunctionalization on Early Osseointegration of Titanium Dental Implants in the Mandibular Region: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Titanium surface photofunctionalization using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has emerged as a promising adjunct to conventional implant protocols. This study aimed to evaluate and compare early osseointegration between photofunctionalized and non-photofunctionalized titanium dental implants placed in the mandibular region. Methods: This randomized double-blinded controlled trial enrolled 24 patients (12 male, 12 female; age 25–40 years) requiring mandibular implant placement. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either UV-treated (n=12) or conventional non-UV (n=12) titanium implants. UV photofunctionalization was performed for 20 seconds using a DIO UV Irradiator prior to implant placement. Implant stability was assessed using resonance frequency analysis (Osstell Mentor; ISQ values) at baseline (immediately after placement), 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 4 months postoperatively. Marginal bone levels were evaluated on standardized intraoral periapical radiographs at baseline, 8 weeks, and 4 months. Peri-implant soft tissue was assessed at 4 and 8 weeks using the Mombelli modified gingival index (mGI). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 25; intergroup comparisons used unpaired t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: No significant difference in ISQ values was observed between groups at baseline or 4 weeks (p=0.152 and p=0.174, respectively). At 8 weeks and 4 months, the UV group demonstrated significantly higher ISQ values (p=0.021 and p=0.004, respectively). Both mesial and distal marginal bone loss were significantly lower in the UV group compared to the non-UV group (p=0.041 and p=0.021, respectively). Soft tissue assessment revealed no significant intergroup difference at either 4 weeks (p=1.00) or 8 weeks (p=1.00). Conclusion: UV photofunctionalization significantly enhances implant stability and reduces peri-implant marginal bone loss from 8 weeks onward, without adversely affecting peri-implant soft tissue health. This technique represents a clinically practical and effective adjunct for improving early osseointegration outcomes, particularly in regions requiring higher predictability.