Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Modules for the Management of Important Insect and Mite Pests in Marigold

Abstract

Marigold (Tagetes sp.), a widely cultivated ornamental and medicinal plant, is economically significant in India. However, its productivity is compromised by infestations of key pests such as thrips (Thrips tabaci), mites (Tetranychusurticae), and bud borers (Helicoverpa armigera). Farmers often rely on excessive pesticide applications, leading to pest resistance, environmental pollution, and adverse effects on non-target organisms. This study underscores the importance of integrating organic amendments, botanicals, and selective pesticides in IPM modules to balance productivity and environmental health in marigold cultivation. Under the evaluation of the effectiveness of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules in controlling major pests in marigold crop reveals that four IPM modules were tested: Module-I (Bio-intensive), Module-II (Adaptable IPM), Module-III (Farmer practices), and Module-IV (Untreated check). Pest populations were recorded at fortnightly intervals, and flower damage and yield were assessed. Results showed that Module-IIincorporated cultural practices, organic amendments, and selective chemical controls, including neem cake, vermicompost, border crops, and advanced pesticides, consistently recorded the lowest pest populations and flower damage. Thrips and mite populations averaged 4.14 per plant and 0.24 per leaf, respectively, while bud borer larvae averaged 0.31 per plant. Flower damage was significantly reduced to 3.01%, and the yield was the highest at 10.52 tons/ha. While, Module-III (Farmer practices) relied heavily on chemical applications, achieving moderate pest control with 4.66 thrips per plant, 0.27 mites per leaf, and 0.51 larvae per plant. Module-I showed lower pest control efficacy due to the exclusive use of bio-intensive measures, while Module-IV exhibited the highest pest populations and flower damage, resulting in the lowest yield (5.40 tons/ha). This study underscores the importance of integrating organic amendments, botanicals, and selective pesticides in IPM modules to balance productivity and environmental health in marigold cultivation.