Role of Echocardiography in Canine Cardiac Diagnosis: A Review

Abstract

Cardiac disorders represent a major health challenge in both humans and companion animals, particularly dogs. Modern diagnostic imaging has transformed clinical evaluation by enabling rapid, non-invasive visualization of internal structures. Among available modalities, ultrasonography is the most widely applied tool in veterinary cardiology due to its safety, accessibility, and ability to generate real-time, high-resolution images of cardiac anatomy and function. Echocardiography, in particular, has become the cornerstone of cardiac assessment, complementing physical examination, electrocardiography, and radiography. Using 2D, M-mode, and Doppler techniques, it allows for detailed measurement of chamber dimensions, myocardial performance, blood flow characteristics, and valvular function. These capabilities support the accurate diagnosis and staging of both congenital conditions, such as patent ductus arteriosus, subaortic stenosis, and ventricular septal defects, as well as acquired diseases, including degenerative valve disease, cardiomyopathies, and pericardial disorders. Although echocardiography requires significant technical skill, ongoing advancements continue to improve its clinical value. This review highlights the principles, modalities, and diagnostic importance of echocardiography in canine cardiology, emphasizing its critical role in guiding prognosis and therapeutic decision-making.