Zebrafish: A Versatile Model Organism for Toxicological Research and Applications

Abstract

The field of scientific research has advanced rapidly, with the emergence of more sophisticated techniques and an increasing diversity of experimental models. Among these, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has distinguished itself as a promising model. This work aims to review the literature on zebrafish as an experimental model, highlighting its characteristics, efficacy, limitations, and applications in toxicology research. Despite some limitations, such as the lack of standardization among strains, indirect exposure to compounds during development, and the absence of certain organs, zebrafish have proven to be highly effective. The rapid development of their larvae allows for the assessment of both acute and chronic effects of substances. In cardiotoxicity studies, zebrafish embryos have been effective in analyzing environmental pollutants and serve as models for metabolic and synaptic deficiencies caused by pesticides, as well as for neurotoxicity studies, contributing to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases induced by oxidative stress. Furthermore, zebrafish have demonstrated their suitability for evaluating genotoxic and hepatotoxic effects. In toxicology, they can be utilized in nanosafety approaches for drug distribution, cancer treatment, and transgenic models with fluorescent organs for drug tracking. In the field of genetics, zebrafish are widely used for genome editing via CRISPR/Cas and in in vivo studies with transgenic animals. With technological advancements, it is expected that the applications of zebrafish will continue to expand, making them an essential tool in various scientific fields. Thus, the zebrafish is one of the most appropriate and efficient models for toxicology research, providing an effective alternative to traditional models.