Harnessing Bacteriophages for Sustainable Plant Disease Management: A Review of their Potential and Market Prospects

Abstract

Plants play a vital role in human nutrition and food security but are increasingly threatened by bacterial diseases, which significantly impact agricultural productivity. Managing these diseases is particularly challenging due to the limited availability of bactericidal agents, rapid bacterial mutations, and pathogen diversity. Conventional treatments, such as antibiotics and copper-based compounds, have been widely used; however, their long-term application has led to environmental concerns and the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. Phage therapy, which utilizes bacteriophages—viruses that selectively infect and eliminate bacterial pathogens—presents a promising and environmentally friendly alternative. These naturally occurring viruses specifically target harmful bacteria while preserving beneficial microorganisms, making them an ideal tool for sustainable plant disease management. Moreover, bacteriophages pose no risks to eukaryotic cells, further supporting their potential in plant health applications. Although first discovered in the early 20th century, the use of phages declined following the advent of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the growing issue of antibiotic resistance has reignited scientific interest in this approach. Recent advancements in phage classification, structural studies, and host-pathogen interactions have paved the way for modern applications. Researchers are exploring naturally occurring bacteriophages, genetically engineered variants, and phage-derived enzymes as effective means to control bacterial crop diseases. This review discusses the historical background, structural characteristics, and potential applications of phage therapy, underscoring its viability as a sustainable alternative to chemical bactericides in modern agriculture.