A Comprehensive Review on Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob.: A Pillar Species in the Dry Tropics of South and Southeast Asia

Abstract

Xylia xylocarpa, is a moderate to large-sized tree belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to wet tropical forests of India to Indo-China. Traditionally valued for its medicinal properties, it has been used to treat various ailments. Beyond its therapeutic importance, the wood of X. xylocarpais known for being extremely heavy, hard, and durable, making it ideal for heavy-duty construction and agricultural applications. Locally, it acts as a substitute for Sal and Teak in house construction. This comprehensive review compiles updated knowledge on taxonomy, distribution, ecology, wood properties, ethnobotany, seed quality, carbon sequestration, bioprospecting potential and economic uses of the species. In the current scenario of global warming and climate change X. xylocarpa demand more attention to explore its carbon sequestration potential and its adaptability to withstand high temperatures. Due to its utility and restricted natural distribution, the identification of elite genetic resources and development of large-scale plantations is urgently recommended, particularly in India and Southeast Asia, to ensure its sustainable use and conservation. The review also discusses about the medicinal usage and bioprospecting of the species.