Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Hospital Acquired Infection Revisited: Route of Transmission

Lusia Sri Sunarti

International Journal of Pathogen Research · pp. 24–35 · Published 7 May 2024

10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3283

Abstract

Aims: to revisited hospital route of infection transmission in patients under medical care with its related problems and re-focus on some important MDR nosocomial infection agents route of transmission to vulnerable patients. Discussion: Accidental infections acquired in hospitals or hospital acquired infection (HAI) is a global major health condition, and become a major obstacle in the present day era of hospitalization. Increased risk of morbidity with mortality, lengthened hospitalization, massive prescription of antibiotics, and socio-economically become a definite financial burden. Disinfection and sterilization in hospitals is of increasing concern. Besides that, the abuse of antibiotics has led to the prompt wide spread of multidrug-resistant drugs (MDR) microorganisms which is characterized by the ability to quickly adapt to an environment that previously does not support its growth commonly and able to initiate serious life-threatening HAI. The need to understand route of transmission and its associated obstacles will help combating MDR microorganisms. Conclusion: The Global emergence of MDR microorganisms with its difficult route of infections has created a major obstacle to combat the bacterial pathogens, and need serious attention from all stakeholders, throughout the world.

Long term wide spectrum antibiotics multidrug-resistant drugs healthcare medical staff gram negative bacteria antibiotic stewardship Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI)

References (90)

  1. 1 Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs [DOI]
  2. 2 Health care-associated infections – an overview [DOI]
  3. 3 Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings [DOI]
  4. 4 Surveillance for control of antimicrobial resistance [DOI]
  5. 5 The Role of Environmental Contamination in the Transmission of Nosocomial Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections [DOI]
  6. 6 Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections [DOI]
  7. 7 The Airborne Transmission of Infection in Hospital Buildings: Fact or Fiction? [DOI]
  8. 8 Effect of Nonpayment for Preventable Infections in U.S. Hospitals [DOI]
  9. 9 COVID‐19 reinforces the importance of handwashing [DOI]
  10. 10 Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Diagnosis, management, and prevention [DOI]
  11. 11 Effect of Medicare’s Nonpayment for Hospital-Acquired Conditions [DOI]
  12. 12 The role of the hospital environment in the healthcare-associated infections: a general review of the literature. [DOI]
  13. 13 How to carry out microbiological sampling of healthcare environment surfaces? A review of current evidence [DOI]
  14. 14 Contact Precautions for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Extended-Spectrum β Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli: A Point/Counterpoint Review [DOI]
  15. 15 The Role of Patient Care Items as a Fomite in Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks and Infection Prevention [DOI]
  16. 16 Health Care–Associated Infections (HAIs) [DOI]
  17. 17 “Never Events”: Not Every Hospital‐Acquired Infection Is Preventable [DOI]
  18. 18 Waterborne nosocomial infections [DOI]
  19. 19 Impact of the CMS No-Pay Policy on Hospital-Acquired Fall Prevention Related Practice Patterns [DOI]
  20. 20 Changes in hospital safety following penalties in the US Hospital Acquired Condition Reduction Program: retrospective cohort study [DOI]
  21. 21 Hospital acquired vancomycin resistant enterococci in surgical intensive care patients – a prospective longitudinal study [DOI]
  22. 22 Contact among healthcare workers in the hospital setting: developing the evidence base for innovative approaches to infection control [DOI]
  23. 23 Analysis of Microorganisms in Hospital Environments and Potential Risks [DOI]
  24. 24 Fomites: Possible vehicle of nosocomial infections. [DOI]
  25. 25 From Epidemiologic Knowledge to Improved Health: A Vision for Translational Epidemiology [DOI]
  26. 26 What Should Health Care Organizations Do to Reduce Billing Fraud and Abuse? [DOI]
  27. 27 A Norovirus Outbreak Related to Contaminated Surfaces [DOI]
  28. 28 Clostridium difficile Diarrhea in the Elderly: Current Issues and Management Options [DOI]
  29. 29 Report on the newly emerging nosocomial Burkholderia cepacia in a tertiary hospital [DOI]
  30. 30 Financial Incentives to Improve Quality [DOI]
  31. 31 Hospital-Acquired Infections Under Pay-for-Performance Systems: an Administrative Perspective on Management and Change [DOI]
  32. 32 Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Neonate [DOI]
  33. 33 Incidence and mortality of healthcare-associated infections in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe burns [DOI]
  34. 34 Infection Prevention in Transplantation [DOI]
  35. 35 Are Invasive Procedures and a Longer Hospital Stay Increasing the Risk of Healthcare-Associated Infections among the Admitted Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia? [DOI]
  36. 36 Acinetobacter baumanniiInfections in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit: Predictors of Multi‐drug Resistance [DOI]
  37. 37 Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical characteristics and outcome [DOI]
  38. 38 Clostridium difficile classification overestimates hospital-acquired infections [DOI]
  39. 39 Management Outcome and Associated Factors of Surgically Treated Non Traumatic Acute Abdomen at Attat Hospital, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia [DOI]
  40. 40 The Impact of Healthcare‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections on Postdischarge Health Care Costs and Utilization across Multiple Health Care Systems [DOI]
  41. 41 Subsequent carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)–associated infections among hospitalized patients with CRE colonization: Impact of antibiotic use and other factors [DOI]
  42. 42 Financial Incentives to Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections Under Alternative Payment Arrangements [DOI]
  43. 43 Extensively Drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Belonging to International Clone II from A Pet Cat with Urinary Tract Infection; The First Report from Pakistan [DOI]
  44. 44 US Medicare will stop paying for preventable errors [DOI]
  45. 45 Documentation of acute change in mental status in nursing homes highlights opportunity to augment infection surveillance criteria [DOI]
  46. 46 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae [DOI]
  47. 47 The risks of acquiring hospital-acquired infections from wet breathing systems [DOI]
  48. 48 Implications of Upcoding on Medicare Fraud
  49. 49 506. Urinary Catheters Are Associated with Progression from Bacteriuria to Invasive Infections in Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Metropolitan Atlanta, 2011–2017 [DOI]
  50. 50 Evidence of Strategic Behavior in Medicare Claims Reporting [DOI]
  51. 51 Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens [DOI]
  52. 52 Surgical Site Infection Prevention [DOI]
  53. 53 Healthcare-associated infections in adult intensive care unit patients: Changes in epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and contributions of new technologies [DOI]
  54. 54 Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis [DOI]
  55. 55 Impact of healthcare-associated infection on length of stay [DOI]
  56. 56 Global incidence in hospital-associated infections resistant to antibiotics: An analysis of point prevalence surveys from 99 countries [DOI]
  57. 57 Pillars for prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections: an Italian expert opinion statement [DOI]
  58. 58 The burden and dynamics of hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 in England [DOI]
  59. 59 Large increase in bloodstream infections with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, EU/EEA, 2020 and 2021 [DOI]
  60. 60 Outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections linked to water-containing hospital equipment: a literature review [DOI]
  61. 61 Frequent productive cough: Symptom burden and future exacerbation risk among patients with asthma and/or COPD in the NOVELTY study [DOI]
  62. 62 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Perceived Mental and Physical Health of People Living with Non-Communicable Diseases: An International Cross-Sectional Survey [DOI]
  63. 63 Hospital-Acquired Infections [DOI]
  64. 64 Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection has a distinct epidemiological position and acts as a marker for overall hospital-acquired infection trends [DOI]
  65. 65 Automating surveillance for healthcare-associated infections: Rationale and current realities (Part I/III) [DOI]
  66. 66 Predisposing Factors of Nosocomial Infections in Hospitalized Patients in the United Kingdom: Systematic Review [DOI]
  67. 67 Rebound pain: distinct pain phenomenon or nonentity? [DOI]
  68. 68 Clinical Impacts and Risk Factors for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection: A Systematic Review [DOI]
  69. 69 Prepared health systems provide quality care at all times [DOI]
  70. 70 Incidence of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains among Patients with Urinary Tract Infections [DOI]
  71. 71 Comprehensive risk assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia: sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia [DOI]
  72. 72 Health and environment from adaptation to adaptivity: a situated relational account [DOI]
  73. 73 Integrating antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control programs using a team science approach [DOI]
  74. 74 Upcoding in medicare: where does it matter most? [DOI]
  75. 75 Reduced Susceptibility and Resistance to Vancomycin of Staphylococcus aureus: A Review of Global Incidence Patterns and Related Genetic Mechanisms [DOI]
  76. 76 What is needed to sustain improvements in hospital practices post-COVID-19? a qualitative study of interprofessional dissonance in hospital infection prevention and control [DOI]
  77. 77 Epidemiology and prevention of hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infection in hospitalized patients, Northeast Ethiopia [DOI]
  78. 78 Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Predictions of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Nosocomial Infections in Patients with Nervous System Diseases [DOI]
  79. 79 Nosocomial Infections [DOI]
  80. 80 Patterns of antibiotic use in hospital-acquired infections [DOI]
  81. 81 Contribution of Healthcare Professionals in Issues that Relate to Quality Management [DOI]
  82. 82 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The Alarming Pathogen of Hospital Acquired Infection [DOI]
  83. 83 Nosocomial tuberculosis transmission from 2006 to 2018 in Beijing Chest Hospital, China [DOI]
  84. 84 Price Increases Versus Upcoding As Drivers Of Emergency Department Spending Increases, 2012–19 [DOI]
  85. 85 Preventive measures for accompanying caregivers of children in paediatric health care during the COVID-19 pandemic—walking an ethical tightrope [DOI]
  86. 86 Assisting Patients With Personal Hygiene
  87. 87 Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections: Hope in the Times of Hype and Despair [DOI]
  88. 88 Estimation of Prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Blood Infections among Patients Admitted at a Tertiary Hospital in Oman over a Period of Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Study [DOI]
  89. 89 Occupational Exposure to Infectious Diseases among Health Workers: Effects, Managements and Recommendations [DOI]
  90. 90 Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections [DOI]

Cited by 6

Microbiomes Associated with Benthic Marine Macroorganisms in Singapore

Lik Tong Tan, Beverly Pi Lee Goh, Deepak Kumar Gupta · Coral Reefs of the World · 2025

Antimicrobial resistance to colistin in neonates: epidemiological insights and public health implications in Nigeria – a mini review

Adewunmi Akingbola, Abiodun Christopher Adegbesan, Olaoluwa Olorunfemi · Annals of Medicine · 2025

Marine Biodiversity and Marine Natural Products Research in Singapore

Lik Tong Tan, Beverly Pi Lee Goh, Loke Ming Chou · Marine Natural Products Research in South-East Asia · 2025

Showing 3 of 6 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

0

Page views

0

PDF downloads

0

Outbound clicks

6

Citations

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

No views recorded yet.

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

No traffic recorded yet.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.