Impact of Straw Incorporation on Crop Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Meta-analysis

Abstract

The meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of straw incorporation on crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions across diverse agroecosystems. A comprehensive literature search covering studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. A total of 200 studies were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, including quantitative data on crop yield, greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O), and soil carbon sequestration. Data extraction focused on variables such as crop type, soil type, climate, incorporation method, and experimental duration. Statistical analysis was performed using random-effects models, and effect sizes were calculated using Hedge’s g. The results demonstrated that straw incorporation significantly improved crop yield by an average of 10.5% compared to straw burning or removal. The most substantial yield increases were observed in cereal-based cropping systems, particularly rice, wheat, and maize. Ploughing-based incorporation yielded the highest productivity gains, followed by mulching, no-till, and direct incorporation. Straw incorporation also increased greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 and N2O, with CH4 emissions being most prominent under flooded conditions. Despite the rise in greenhouse gas emissions, straw incorporation promoted soil carbon sequestration, partially offsetting the negative environmental impacts. The effectiveness of straw incorporation was influenced by factors such as soil type, crop type, climate, and incorporation method. The findings suggest that appropriate straw management practices tailored to local conditions can enhance productivity while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Future research should focus on developing region-specific guidelines to optimize straw incorporation for improved sustainability.