Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Assessment of Groundwater Quality around Amaenyi and State Secretariat Dumpsites in Awka, Southeastern Nigeria

Okolo, C. M., Okonkwo, O. S., Madu, F. M., Ifeanyichukwu, K. A.

Asian Journal of Geographical Research · pp. 118–140 · Published 23 Feb 2024

10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i1220

Abstract

The effects of two dumpsites located at Amaenyi and State Secretariat Awka on groundwater resources was investigated using hydrochemical parameters. A total of eighteen (18) groundwater samples were collected from areas in the vicinity of the dumpsites and analysed for various hydrochemical and biological parameters using standard methods. The results of the analysis were subjected to interpretations using various methods such as spatial distribution maps, water quality indices (WQI, HPI, Cd and MEI), comparing with international and local standards and statistical analysis. The results indicate that parameters such as Ec, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- were in compliance with the acceptable limits of World Health Organization and Nigerian Drinking Water Standard. However, HCO3-, total hardness, COD, BOD, DO1, DO5, Pb, Fe, Cd and Hg exceeded the permissible guidelines in some samples. WQI rated 20% of the samples in Amaenyi as excellent, 30% (good), 10% (poor), 20% (very poor) and the remaining 20% is unfit for consumption while in State Secretariat area, 37.5% was very poor and the remaining 62.5% was unfit for consumption. HPI rated groundwater as highly contaminated while Cd classified most of the water samples to indicate low contamination except for sample A1 which was highly contaminated.  Also, MEI indicated that groundwater has low heavy metal pollution. The correlation analysis indicates strong positive relationship between BOD, COD, DO1, DO5, total hardness, bicarbonate, calcium and sulphate, lead, magnesium and chloride. It was concluded that groundwater in the study area is mostly contaminated and the contaminants is attributed to be from the waste dumpsites and other anthropogenic activities.

Water quality dumpsites water quality indices hydrochemical analysis

References (57)

  1. 1 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077 [DOI]
  2. 2 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.017 [DOI]
  3. 3 Oyeku O, Eludoyin A. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in a Nigerian urban settlement. Afr J Environ. 2010;8(6):111-1124
  4. 4 10.5923/j.re.20120204.04 [DOI]
  5. 5 10.3844/ajessp.2010.184.190 [DOI]
  6. 6 Alimba C, Bakare A, Latunji C. Municipal landfill leachates induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Afr J Biotechnol. 2006;5:2053–2057.
  7. 7 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.060 [DOI]
  8. 8 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.003 [DOI]
  9. 9 10.5276/JSWTM.2010.246 [DOI]
  10. 10 Guan S, Yu S, Zhong S. Leak marking scheme for construction quality testing of geomembrane liners in landfills. Int J Environ Res. 2014;8:447–452.
  11. 11 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.028 [DOI]
  12. 12 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002 [DOI]
  13. 13 10.1177/0734242X04042146 [DOI]
  14. 14 Ojo JS, Olorunfemi MO, Aduwo IA, Bayode S, Akintorinwa OJ, Omosuyi GO, Akinluyi FO. Assessment of surface and groundwater quality of the Akure Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. 2014(4),23:150-168.
  15. 15 Murat RC. Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the cretaceous and lower tertiary in southern Nigeria. In A.J. (eds), African geology university of Ibadan press Nigeria. 1972;251-266.
  16. 16 10.1306/5D25C0CF-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D [DOI]
  17. 17 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.01.007 [DOI]
  18. 18 Reyment RA. Aspects of the geology of Nigeria: The stratigraphy of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Deposits. Ibadan University Press. 1965;145.
  19. 19 Nwajide CS. Geology of Nigeria’s Sedimentary Basins.CSS Press, Lagos, Nigeria. 2013;548.
  20. 20 Ezeigbo LD. Quality of water resources in Anambra State, Nuigeria. Nig. J. Min. Geol.1987;23(1&2):97 – 103
  21. 21 10.1016/0037-0738(80)90040-8 [DOI]
  22. 22 APHA. (America Public Health Association) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 18th Edition, Washington, D.C. 2005;4-17.
  23. 23 10.1248/jhs1956.35.307 [DOI]
  24. 24 Akoteyon IS, Omotayo AO, Sodadoye O, Olaoye HO. Determination of water quality index and suitability of urban river for municipal water supply in Lagos, Nigeria, European Journal of Scientific Research. 2011;54(2):263-271.
  25. 25 10.1016/B978-0-08-017005-3.50067-0 [DOI]
  26. 26 10.1080/10934529609376357 [DOI]
  27. 27 10.1007/s10230-008-0050-8 [DOI]
  28. 28 Abd El-Hamid HT, Hegazy TA, Ibrahim MS, El-Moselhy KM. Assessment of water quality of the Northern Delta Lakes, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2017;46, 21-34.
  29. 29 World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th Edition world health organization Genève Switzerland; 2010.
  30. 30 10.18869/acadpub.jeg.9.2.2841 [DOI]
  31. 31 10.1007/s10661-007-9897-6 [DOI]
  32. 32 Okolo CM, Akudinobi BEB, Obiadi II, Okoyeh EI. Assessment of pollution status of lower Niger drainage area, south-Eastern Nigeria using heavy metals. J. Basic Phys. Res. 2017;3(2):59-67.
  33. 33 10.1007/s00254-007-0672-3 [DOI]
  34. 34 10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.1.221 [DOI]
  35. 35 10.1007/s13201-022-01601-x [DOI]
  36. 36 10.1007/s40899-020-00463-y [DOI]
  37. 37 Emecheta CI, Okolo CM, Okpara AO, Ifeanyichukwu KA, Madu FM. Potential Impacts of Okpuno Egbu Dumpsite on Groundwater Resources in Parts of Nnewi, Southeastern Nigeria emissions from landfills by a surface probe method. Waste Manag. 2022;55:299–305
  38. 38 Freeze RA, Cherry JA. Groundwater Pretice-Hall, Inc, England Cliffs, N.J. Chapter 7;1979.
  39. 39 Akpan ER, Offem JO. Nya AE. Baseline Ecological Studies of the Great Kwa River, Nigeria 1: Physic Chemical Studies. Africans Journal of Environmental Pollution and Health. 2002;1:83-90.
  40. 40 Essien-Ibok MA, Akpan AW, Udo MT, Chude LA, Umoh IA, Asuquo IE. Seasonality in the physico-chemical characteristics of Mbo River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nign. J. Agric. Fd. Env. 2010;6:60-72.
  41. 41 10.7763/JOCET.2014.V2.137 [DOI]
  42. 42 Ngang BU, Agbazue VE. Aseasonal assessment of groundwater pollution due to biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and elevated temperatures in Enugu Northern Senatorial District, South East Nigeria. IOSR J Appl Chem. 2016;9:66–73
  43. 43 10.3390/app7060638 [DOI]
  44. 44 NSDWQ. Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Committee on drinking water quality in Nigeria, Lagos; 2017.
  45. 45 10.2166/wpt.2022.102 [DOI]
  46. 46 10.1016/j.envc.2023.100785 [DOI]
  47. 47 10.1007/s13201-018-0852-1 [DOI]
  48. 48 10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.007 [DOI]
  49. 49 10.3390/ijerph15010172 [DOI]
  50. 50 10.18869/IAHS.3.3.101 [DOI]
  51. 51 10.1007/s00254-002-0738-1 [DOI]
  52. 52 10.3390/ijerph15122825 [DOI]
  53. 53 10.1016/j.totert.2023.100069 [DOI]
  54. 54 10.46488/NEPT.2023.v22i04.033 [DOI]
  55. 55 10.1007/s11270-022-05698-3 [DOI]
  56. 56 10.1016/j.wri.2017.02.002 [DOI]
  57. 57 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.003 [DOI]

Cited by 2

Metal/Metalloid Presence and Health Risks in Drinking Water Plants—Insights from Nanjing, China

Yang Huang, Yuhong Zheng, Chunjing Chen · Water · 2024

Evaluating the seasonal variations of risks associated with potentially toxic elements in underground water sources near a dumpsite in Awka, Nigeria

C.C. Aralu, P.A.C. Okoye, H.O. Abugu · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · 2024

Related research

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

0

Page views

0

PDF downloads

0

Outbound clicks

2

Citations

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

No views recorded yet.

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

No traffic recorded yet.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.