Malaria, Typhoid, and PCV Variations: A Cross-sectional Study in Akinima, Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria and typhoid fever remain major public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, where co-infections are common in resource-limited settings. This study investigated the prevalence and hematological impact of malaria, typhoid fever, and their co-infection among adults and children in Akinima, Ahoada West Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 191 participants were examined between August and November 2022: 44 (23.0%) adult males, 66 (34.6%) adult females, and 81 (42.4%) children. Malaria was diagnosed using Giemsa-stained blood films; typhoid fever was assessed using Widal agglutination tests; and packed cell volume (PCV) was determined via the microhematocrit method. Malaria prevalence was high in all groups: children (77.8%), adult males (77.3%), and adult females (74.2%). Typhoid fever was most prevalent among children (45.7%), followed by adult females (40.9%) and adult males (38.6%). Co-infection was highest in children (38.3%), indicating increased susceptibility in this age group. Hematological analysis showed that adult males had a normal mean packed cell volume PCV (45.0%), while adult females (34.0%) and children (34.2%) recorded lower mean values, suggesting anemia or hematologic compromise. These findings highlight significant differences in infection burden and hematological outcomes across age and sex. Children demonstrated the highest co-infection rates and lowest packed cell volume PCV values, underscoring their vulnerability. This study emphasizes the need for focused diagnostic, treatment, and preventive strategies, particularly for pediatric populations in rural, endemic communities.