A Review of Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy Applications in Hydrocarbon Exploration along the West African Margin

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive review of seismic sequence stratigraphy and its applications in hydrocarbon exploration along the West African Margin, with a focused case study of the Equatorial Guinea Basin. The aim is to evaluate how integrated seismic, well log, and biostratigraphic data inform depositional history reconstruction and hydrocarbon prospectivity. A systematic methodology was adopted, incorporating literature synthesis, comparative stratigraphic framework analysis, and critical assessment of depositional sequences across key basins. Six major depositional sequences (DS1–DS6), spanning the Early Cretaceous to the Tertiary, were identified in the Equatorial Guinea Basin. These sequences, bounded by key sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces, delineate shifts in sea-level, sediment supply, and tectonic activity. The analysis reveals that lowstand systems tracts (LSTs) host high-quality reservoirs, while transgressive and highstand tracts provide seals and source rock potential. Structural features such as salt-induced anticlines and stratigraphic pinch-outs form significant hydrocarbon traps. Seismic sequence stratigraphy has led to increased exploration success rates, reserve estimates, and production efficiencies across the region. The study recommends enhanced application of advanced seismic technologies (e.g., 3D/4D seismic, machine learning) and continued integration with basin modeling to refine reservoir prediction and unlock deeper exploration targets in the West African Margin.