Genetic Variability and Agronomic Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes

Abstract

This study assessed genetic variability, agronomic performance, and breeding potential of 51 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes from the genebank of the Agricultural Research Corporation and three farmer-preferred varieties under irrigated conditions at the Kassala and Gash Station (Kalahoot Scheme) Farm during the 2023 and 2024 summer seasons. Analysis of variance, estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variance, coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability, and expected genetic advance were used to characterise genetic variability and selection potential. Combined-season plant height ranged from 69 to 153 cm, number of capsules per plant from 26 to 88, and seed yield from 125 to 853 kg ha⁻¹. H44 produced the highest combined seed yield, while H22 and H29 exhibited superior capsule production. High GCV, moderate-to-high heritability, and substantial genetic advance were observed for plant height, branching, capsule number, and seed yield, indicating considerable exploitable genetic variation and potential for selection. Significant genotype × season interactions for several traits, particularly seed yield, demonstrated differential responses to seasonal conditions, whereas 1000-seed weight was comparatively stable. H44, H57, H69, H32, H81, H36, H22, and H29 were identified as promising breeding materials based on agronomic performance and genetic potential. These genotypes provide valuable parental resources for future sesame improvement in Sudan, particularly for developing high-yielding cultivars adapted to variable irrigated environments. Multi-location and multi-year testing, followed by targeted selection for yield stability, adaptation, and synchronised maturity, is recommended to accelerate their utilisation in Sudanese breeding programmes.