Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bromelain from Pineapple Fruit Peel: Enzymatic Activity and Antibiotic Synergy

Abstract

Aims: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of bromelain extracted from pineapple fruit peel (Ananas comosus), focusing on its enzymatic activity, stability, and ability to enhance antibiotic efficacy. Study Design: This was an experimental laboratory-based study designed to explore the extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial effects of bromelain. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Enzymology unit laboratory FUTA over a period of 4 months that allowed for extraction, purification, and analysis of bromelain's properties, including its antibiotic-enhancing effects. Methodology: Bromelain was extracted from pineapple fruit peel and assayed as crude enzyme. The enzyme was then purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. Enzymatic activity was assessed at different temperatures (20-90°C) and pH levels (pH 1.0-12.0), with optimum conditions determined. The antibiotic-enhancing effects were evaluated by testing bromelain against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, examining its impact on antibiotic absorption and its synergistic activity when combined with 14 various antibiotics including Ampiclox, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Septrin, Augmentin, and Tarivid. Results: The one step purification of bromelain achieved a 2.33-fold purification, the optimum enzymatic activity of occurred at 40°C, with stability maintained between 30-60°C while activity declined at 70°C. The maximum enzymatic activity was observed at pH 7.0, with reduced activity at extreme pH values. Bromelain significantly enhanced the absorption of antibiotics, showing synergistic effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, bromelain exhibited inherent antibacterial properties and greater efficacy when used alongside antibiotics susceptible to Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of bromelain as an antimicrobial agent, particularly for combating bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme's antibiotic-enhancing and inherent antibacterial properties suggest its possible clinical applications, warranting further research to understand its mechanism of action and explore therapeutic uses.