Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management in Developing Nations: A Public Health Review

Abstract

Menstrual health and hygiene management (MHHM) remains a critical yet underprioritized aspect of public health in developing nations, where cultural taboos, limited resources, and inadequate policy frameworks contribute to widespread challenges. Millions of women and adolescent girls face barriers in accessing affordable menstrual products, safe sanitation facilities, and reliable health information. These barriers not only compromise physical health, leading to increased risks of infections and reproductive tract disorders, but also affect education, productivity, and overall quality of life. The intersection of poverty, gender inequality, and infrastructural deficits creates a cycle where menstrual needs are unmet, reinforcing disparities in health and social outcomes. This review synthesises evidence from recent literature to highlight the multifaceted implications of inadequate MHHM in low- and middle-income countries. It examines the interplay of socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors that shape menstrual health outcomes and explores the consequences of neglecting menstrual hygiene in public health policy. Furthermore, the review identifies best practices and interventions—such as community-based education programs, provision of affordable menstrual products, and investment in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure—that have demonstrated effectiveness in improving menstrual health. Policy innovations and global advocacy campaigns are also discussed as critical tools for dismantling stigma and ensuring menstrual equity. Addressing menstrual health as a public health priority has far-reaching implications for advancing gender equality, promoting educational attainment, and improving reproductive health outcomes. The review underscores the urgent need for multi-sectoral collaboration involving governments, NGOs, schools, healthcare systems, and communities to create sustainable and culturally sensitive solutions. By framing menstrual health within the broader context of human rights and sustainable development, this review calls for renewed global commitment to achieving equitable menstrual health for all.