Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in Morroco: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Analysis

Abstract

Aims: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the leading occupational health problem among dental practitioners, causing pain and loss of function that may compromise performance and quality of life. Objectives: This study evaluated the prevalence of MSDs among Moroccan dentists and identified major demographic, occupational, and behavioral risk factors, aiming to inform prevention. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey between January and April 2025, 132 dentists from public and private practices in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Associations between MSD prevalence and age, sex, working hours, and physical activity were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and univariate logistic regression (p < 0.05). Results: MSDs affected 98.5% of dentists. The most common sites were lower back (72.7%), neck (71.2%), shoulders/arms (67.4%), wrists/hands (49.2%), and upper back (41.7%). Older age, being female, longer hours, and lack of exercise increased risk. These associations likely reflect cumulative biomechanical overload from prolonged static postures, repetitive fine motor movements, and reduced muscular conditioning, which together accelerate fatigue and tissue micro‑damage in dentists. Conclusions: There is a very high burden of MSDs among Moroccan dentists. Promoting ergonomic adaptations, regular physical activity, and appropriate workload management is essential to reduce MSD risk and to protect practitioners’ health and careers.