Physical Effects of Artisanal Gold Mining on Water, Soil, and Environmental Quality in Migori County, Kenya

Abstract

Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is a major source of employment and income and supports livelihoods in Migori County, Kenya. However, its rapid expansion has raised concerns regarding environmental sustainability because of increasing pressure on water resources, soils, vegetation, and ecosystems. This study assessed the physical environmental effects of ASGM on water resources, soil quality, vegetation, and the surrounding environment in major mining hotspots within Migori County. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative environmental measurements with qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive assessment of mining-related environmental impacts. Primary data were collected from 210 respondents through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observations, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, scientific publications, and environmental records. The findings revealed significant environmental degradation associated with mining activities. Quantitative environmental measurements indicated deterioration in water quality at mining and ore-processing sites, while community perceptions and field observations showed that 78% of respondents had observed increased water turbidity and a decline in the suitability of water for domestic and agricultural use. In addition, 72% of respondents reported increased soil erosion, excavation damage, declining soil fertility, and reduced agricultural productivity, whereas 81% identified vegetation loss and habitat disturbance as major environmental concerns. Statistical analysis demonstrated a strong positive relationship between mining intensity and environmental degradation (r = 0.82, p < 0.001), indicating that increased mining activity was associated with worsening environmental conditions. The study concluded that, although ASGM contributes significantly to local livelihoods, inadequate environmental management and limited site rehabilitation have intensified environmental degradation. It recommends strengthening environmental regulation and routine monitoring, promoting cleaner and mercury-free mining technologies, improving mine-waste management, rehabilitating degraded mining sites, and enhancing community participation in environmental conservation to support sustainable artisanal gold mining in Migori County.