Oral and Cutaneous Involvement in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterised by clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, with potential involvement of multiple organ systems, including the skin and oral cavity. Oral and cutaneous lesions may represent early signs of systemic disease, emphasising the importance of their recognition. Aim: To systematically review and evaluate demographic data, clinical features, prognostic indicators, and treatment outcomes of oral and cutaneous involvement in LCH. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Library, adhering to PRISMA-P (2015) guidelines. Keywords included “cutaneous involvement”, “oral involvement”, and “Langerhans cell histiocytosis”. Articles were limited to case reports and case series published in English from 2005 to December 2024. Studies with isolated oral or cutaneous involvement, abstracts, and incomplete data were excluded. A total of 68 relevant studies were identified and analysed. Results: Cases demonstrating both oral and cutaneous LCH involvement were extracted and categorized based on demographic parameters, clinical presentation, histopathological features, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes. From the refined search, 11 studies reported dual involvement (oral and cutaneous) between 2005 to December 2024. Prognosis varied based on systemic spread, early diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Conclusion: Oral and cutaneous manifestations can serve as early diagnostic indicators of LCH. Comprehensive documentation and awareness of such presentations are crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Systematic evaluation of case reports reveals the significance of multidisciplinary management in improving outcomes.