Phosphorus and Sulphur on the Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea Coss. L.) in Intercropping Systems: A Review

Abstract

Intercropping is a very important sustainable agricultural practice enhancing crop production, soil fertility, and efficiency. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Coss. L.) are two commercially popular crops in the rabi season, which respond favorably to nutrient management because of the fact that phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) are vital to physiological and biochemical processes. Sulfur aids in protein synthesis, enzyme activation and tolerance to stress, whereas phosphorus enhances growth of roots, energy flow, and seed development. This review is a compilation of studies examining the use of phosphorus and sulfur together in intercropping systems of mustard and chickpeas. These results show that P and S alone or in combination have significant positive effects on growth traits including plant height, biomass, leaf area, and nodulation in chickpeas and oil content and protein production in mustard. Through increased absorption of water, root structure and uptake of nutrients, they reduce competition and complementary growth. The increase in yield of grains and oils are attributed to the enhancement of chlorophyll synthesis in mustard and increase in the fixation of nitrogen in the chickpeas. Additionally, by encouraging deeper roots, effective water usage, and antioxidant activity, phosphorus and sulfur increase resistance to drought and salt. Through enhanced microbial activity, these advantages support improved soil health and production. However, further study is required to determine the best dosage, when to apply it, site-specific recommendations, and interactions with other nutrients. In addition to P and S, the function of organic amendments and biofertilizers should be investigated. In conclusion, adding phosphorus and sulfur to chickpea-mustard intercropping is a viable way to improve production, growth, and stress tolerance while promoting sustainable agriculture and food security.