Anthropometric and Bioimpedance of T2DM Patients and Non-diabetic Controls with Different Vitamin D Status

Abstract

Aims: To explore the association between vitamin D status and anthropometric and bioimpedance parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls’. Study Design: This is a case-control study involving 64 T2DM patients and 56 non-diabetics. Place and Duration of Study: General Outpatients Department Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex between December 2023 and May, 2024. Methodology: The anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR)) and bioimpedance (estimated % muscle mass (EMM), estimated % visceral fat (EVF), estimated body age (EBA), and estimated body fat (EBF)) were compared between T2DM patients and non-diabetic controls (NDC) across different VDS. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient) were used for data analysis.  Level of significance was (p<0.05). Results: Weight, BMI, HC, WHR, EBA, EBF, and EVF were significantly higher in T2DM patients than NDC. Upon further stratification of T2DM and control groups based on VDS (≥20 ng/dl and <20 ng/dl), only WHR and height were significantly higher between the 2 NDC sub-groups. When comparing T2DM and controls within the same VDS, T2DM patients had significantly higher BMI, WHR, EVF, and EBA than controls, especially among those with vitamin D levels of ≥20 ng/dl. In both sub-groups of T2DM, while EMM was negatively correlated with EBF and EBA, weight, BMI, WC, and HC were strongly correlated with EBF, EBA, and EVF. Conclusion: T2DM patients exhibited significantly higher BMI, EBF, EVF, and EBA compared to NDC, indicating poorer body composition. Although VDS showed limited direct impact, the interplay between body fat and metabolic markers highlights the importance of comprehensive anthropometric monitoring in diabetes care.