Integrated Sustainable Urban Fish Farming Technologies for Urban Eco-friendly Aquaculture: With Special Focus on Biofloc Technology

Abstract

Rapid urban expansion is reshaping patterns of food production and consumption, particularly with respect to protein supply. Conventional aquaculture systems, although widely practiced, are often unsuitable for urban environments due to their high demand for land, water, and feed resources, as well as the potential for nutrient pollution. Biofloc Technology (BFT) presents a viable alternative by converting nitrogenous wastes into microbial biomass that functions as both a water quality stabilizer and a supplemental feed source. This review synthesizes research published between 2018 and 2024 to evaluate the potential of BFT as a sustainable urban aquaculture strategy. Evidence suggests that biofloc systems can support high-density production, reduce feed costs, improve water use efficiency, and enhance fish health. Nonetheless, the technology also requires continuous aeration, skilled management, and thoughtful scaling approaches. When integrated with urban infrastructure and supported by capacity-building and policy measures, BFT offers promising pathways for strengthening food security, livelihood opportunities, and circular resource use in growing metropolitan regions.