The Potential of Neem as an Organic Fertilizer and Biopesticide for Enhancing Soil Fertility, Nematode and Foliar Pest Suppression, and Okra Growth

Abstract

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a rapidly growing tree from the mahogany family (Meliaceae), and it has traditionally been used in agriculture, environment, and public health. Previous research, however, has not explored the promising impact of neem as a basal and foliar organic fertilizer and pesticide. It is against this background that this study was done to investigate and examine the use of neem as a basal organic fertilizer and pesticide alternative for environmental and consumer safety. Using a randomized complete block design with three replications, we evaluated seven treatments, including neem leaf paste (NLP), neem leaf extract (NLE), synthetic fertilizers (NPK), and controls in 5×4 m plots. The results revealed that the organic IPM module (NLP × NLE) significantly improved soil health parameters by increasing organic matter content by 53% compared to the control while reducing the C/N ratio. The treatment also showed remarkable pest suppression, decreasing root-knot nematode populations by 89% and maintaining beneficial insect numbers. Neem-treated plots experienced a 40% reduction in foliar damage from Podagrica spp., resulting in a yield increase of 296% compared to the control. These findings demonstrate a practical application of neem in sustainable okra cultivation, thereby offering a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution for smallholder farmers. The result of this study presents a practical application of neem in sustainable okra cultivation by offering cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions for smallholder farmers. The organic IPM module 3 is therefore recommended for improving soil fertility, reducing soil and foliar pest pressure, and enhancing crop yield safely and sustainably.