A General Outlook on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a kind of bacteria which is resistant against methicillin and other kind of many antibiotics. S. aureus and MRSA can lead to serious problem in human as well as animals. The problem can be simple or sometimes serious such as skin infections, sepsis, pneumonia and bloodstream infections. Firstly, MRSA was largely related to hospital-acquired (HA) infection. However, it is well understood that there is other source of MRSA.  Nowadays, MRSA has been divided three group; (1) Hospital-Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), (2) Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and (3) Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). In addition to the three groups, MRSA has been found variety of animal origin foods (beef, poultry and pig meats and milk like that). Therefore, food of animal origin can contaminate with MRSA bacteria, and it can spread to human and animal through food chains. MR (methicillin resistance) in S. aureus is primarily mediated by overproduction of the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a, and altered PBP with extremely low affinities for ß-lactam antibiotics. The mecA gene encodes a PBP2a form that is absent in susceptible isolates. The importance of MRSA; (i) MRSA can acquire resistance against many antibiotics more easily than other microorganisms, (ii) it acquires resistance to one antibiotics and to go into antibiotic groups, (iii) the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin is a cytotoxin causing leukocyte destruction and necrosis of tissue. It is very important a virulent factor and produced by Staphylococcus aureus. The toxin is very common in especially CA-MRSA strains, and these strains are commonly considered far more likely to carry the gene coding for the toxin than are other MRSA strains, and (iv) MRSA infections require long-term inpatient cure and have a high rate of mortality.  For these reasons, today, MRSA is among the most important causes of antimicrobial-resistant health care-related to infections across the world.