Socioeconomic Dependence on Non-timber Forest Products in the Bloc Kébé Research Forest, East Cameroon

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to quantify the socio-economic importance of the Bloc Kébé research forest, East Cameroon) to riparian livelihoods by assessing non-timber forest products (NTFP) collection patterns, use types, income generation, and perceived dependency for food security and health. Study Design: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted across six villages at varying distances (0.5–7.66 km) from the forest boundary, with stratified proportional sampling yielding 86 households. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaires captured collection, use type (subsistence/commercial/both), annual income (FCFA), and perceived food and health dependency (Likert 1–5) over a 12-month recall period. Analyses included mixed-effects logistic regression (GEE), multinomial logistic regression, Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc tests, Cumulative Link Mixed Models, Spearman correlations, and two-way ANOVA. Results: Overall NTFP collection rate was 74%, commercialization rate 59%, and mean annual income 12,097 ± 17,773 FCFA. Distance to forest was the dominant predictor of collection probability (OR = 0.52 per km, p < 0.001), income, and both food (β = –0.15, p < 0.001) and health dependency. The closest village outperformed the farthest across all metrics (collection: 94% vs. 71%; commercialization: 82% vs. 64%; income: 22,200 vs. 5,563 FCFA). Irvingia gabonensis was 12.55 times more likely commercialized than used for subsistence alone (p = 0.018); Strychnos toxifera showed dominant health dependency (3.98 vs. 1.34, d = –2.55). Five of six focal species had significantly greater food than health dependency (d = 0.77–1.79, p < 0.001). Income, collection, and commercialization were tightly coupled (ρ = 0.686–0.868, p < 0.001), but interspecific income differences were non-significant (χ²(4) = 7.52, p = 0.111). Significant village-level spatial heterogeneity emerged for Termitomyces spp., Cola spp., and Trichoscypha abut. Conclusion: Forest dependence is high, multidimensional, species-specific, and spatially structured by distance, with proximity-driven inequalities in income and food-health outcomes. Conservation zoning must integrate these differentiated dependencies.