Comparative Analysis of the Hepatoprotective and Hematopoietic Effects of Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium Extracts in Protein-Deficient Rats

Abstract

Protein malnutrition is a major contributor to hepatic and hematopoietic dysfunction, particularly in vulnerable populations. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the hepatoprotective and hematopoietic effects of Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium leaf extracts in Wistar rats maintained on a protein-deficient diet. Thirty male rats were randomized into five groups: Normal Control, Protein-Deficient Control, and three treatment groups receiving either Moringa oleifera, Gongronema latifolium, or their combination. Treatments lasted 28 days. Standard biochemical and hematological assays were performed to assess liver function and blood parameters, while liver histology confirmed biochemical findings. Protein deficiency significantly elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels (p < 0.01), and reduced hemoglobin, RBC, and platelet counts, indicating liver damage and hematopoietic suppression. Moringa oleifera notably reduced liver enzymes and improved histoarchitecture, indicating strong hepatoprotective potential. Gongronema latifolium improved hematological indices more significantly, with moderate effects on hepatic markers. Interestingly, the combined extract group showed synergistic effects, simultaneously improving both hepatic and hematological parameters. These findings suggest that Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium offer distinct but complementary benefits in managing protein-deficiency-induced organ dysfunction, and their combined use may provide a holistic therapeutic approach.