Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Synthetic Routes and Bioactivity Profiles of the Phenothiazine Privileged Scaffold

Aigul E. Malmakova, Alan M. Jones

Organics · pp. 46–46 · Published 10 Oct 2025

10.3390/org6040046

Abstract

This review offers a focused overview of the strategies used to build and modify phenothiazine (PTZ) derivatives. It covers both classical synthetic approaches and advances reported since 2014, including transition metal-catalyzed transformations and greener techniques, such as electrosynthesis, microwave-assisted reactions, and ultrasound-promoted methods. Each strategy is evaluated with respect to efficiency, scalability, and sustainability. In parallel, the review surveys the diverse bioactivity profiles of PTZ derivatives, ranging from antipsychotic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities to emerging applications in photodynamic therapy and neuroprotection. By correlating synthetic accessibility with biological potential, this review provides an integrated perspective that highlights advances achieved since 2014 and outlines future opportunities for rational PTZ design and applications.

Phenothiazine Scaffold Nanotechnology Rational design Computer science Antimicrobial Biochemical engineering Chemistry

References (142)

  1. 1 Jones, 2017, 2.05—Privileged structures and motifs (Synthetic and natural scaffolds)
  2. 2 Ohlow, 2011, Foundation review: Phenothiazine: The seven lives of pharmacology’s first lead structure [DOI]
  3. 3 Satoh, 1997, Radical intensity and differentiation-inducing activity of benzo[a]phenothiazines and phenothiazines
  4. 4 Reinhardt, C., and Travis, A.S. (1998). Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modem Chemical Industry, Chemists and Chemistry, Springer Science & Business Media.
  5. 5 Berntsen, 1883, Zur Kenntniss des Methylenblau und verwandter Farbstoffe [DOI]
  6. 6 Mitchell, 2006, Phenothiazine: The parent molecule [DOI]
  7. 7 Berneth, H. (2012). Azine dyes. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
  8. 8 Wilson, 1907, On the chemistry and staining properties of certain derivatives of the methylene blue group when combined with eosin [DOI]
  9. 9 Metcalf, R.L. (1948). The Mode of Action Organic Insecticides, National Research Council.
  10. 10 Alamo, 2005, History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine [DOI]
  11. 11 Gao, 2006, Efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics for primary and comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders: A Review [DOI]
  12. 12 Lee, 2025, Promethazine: A review of therapeutic uses and toxicity [DOI]
  13. 13 Volkmar, F.R. (2013). Thioridazine. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Springer. [DOI]
  14. 14 Gershon, 1981, Mesoridazine—a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile
  15. 15 Kalkanidis, 2002, Novel phenothiazine antimalarials: Synthesis, antimalarial activity, and inhibition of the formation of β-haematin [DOI]
  16. 16 Kaatz, 2003, Phenothiazines and thioxanthenes inhibit multidrug efflux pump activity in Staphylococcus aureus [DOI]
  17. 17 Amaral, 2001, Phenothiazines: Potential alternatives for the management of antibiotic resistant infections of tuberculosis and malaria in developing countries [DOI]
  18. 18 Nhari, L.M., Bifari, E.N., Al-Marhabi, A.R., Al-Ghamdi, H.A., Al-Ghamdi, S.N., Al-Zahrani, F.A.M., Al-Footy, K.O., and El-Shishtawy, R.M. (2022). Synthesis of novel key chromophoric intermediates via C-C coupling reactions. Catalysts, 12. [DOI]
  19. 19 Moll, 2019, Near-infrared (NIR) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) study of novel functional phenothiazines for potential use in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) [DOI]
  20. 20 Xu, 2019, DFT/TD-DFT study of novel T shaped phenothiazine-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells applications [DOI]
  21. 21 Sartor, 2020, Designing high-triplet-yield phenothiazine donor–acceptor complexes for photoredox catalysis [DOI]
  22. 22 Abdallah, 2019, Phenothiazine derivatives as photoredox catalysts for cationic and radical photosensitive resins for 3D printing technology and photocomposite synthesis [DOI]
  23. 23 Marin, 2019, Phenothiazine based co-crystals with enhanced luminescence [DOI]
  24. 24 Wang, 2021, New phenothiazine derivatives that exhibit photo induced room-temperature phosphorescence [DOI]
  25. 25 Ren, 2022, The influence of π–π stacking on the room temperature phosphorescence of phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide derivatives [DOI]
  26. 26 Aizawa, 2017, Aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence from phenothiazine-containing donor–acceptor molecules for high-efficiency non-doped organic light-emitting diodes [DOI]
  27. 27 Shi, 2019, Tetraphenylethylene-substituted phenothiazine-based AIEgens for non-doped deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes with negligible efficiency roll-off [DOI]
  28. 28 Yan, 2022, Phenothiazine-based fluorescent probe for fluoride ions and its applications in rapid detection of endemic disease [DOI]
  29. 29 Santos, 2020, Charge separation of photosensitized phenothiazines for applications in catalysis and nanotechnology [DOI]
  30. 30 Pluta, 2011, Recent progress in biological activities of synthesized phenothiazines [DOI]
  31. 31 Jaszczyszyn, 2012, Chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological activity [DOI]
  32. 32 Edinoff, 2022, Phenothiazines and their evolving roles in clinical practice: A narrative review [DOI]
  33. 33 Khan, 2023, Recent advances in the development of phenothiazine and its fluorescent derivatives for optoelectronic applications [DOI]
  34. 34 Mehrabi, S.F., Elmi, S., and Nylandsted, J. (2023). Repurposing phenothiazines for cancer therapy: Compromising membrane integrity in cancer cells. Front. Oncol., 13. [DOI]
  35. 35 Kisla, 2024, Synthesis and structure of novel phenothiazine derivatives, and compound prioritization via in silico target search and screening for cytotoxic and cholinesterase modulatory activities in liver cancer cells and in vivo in zebrafish [DOI]
  36. 36 Sudeshna, 2010, Multiple non-psychiatric effects of phenothiazines: A review [DOI]
  37. 37 Babalola, 2024, Exploring the therapeutic potential of phenothiazine derivatives in medicinal chemistry [DOI]
  38. 38 Boyer, 1995, Synthesis of substituted pyrazolo[3,4-b]phenothiazine and pyrazolo[4,3-c]phenothiazine derivatives [DOI]
  39. 39 Thomas, 2002, Synthesis of 10H-phenothiazine and 4H-1,4-benzothiazine sulfones [DOI]
  40. 40 Srivastav, 2000, Synthesis of 3-bromo-1-methyl phenothiazines by Smiles rearrangement [DOI]
  41. 41 Rajakumar, 2014, Synthesis and photophysical studies on triazole bridged dendrimers with phenothiazine as a surface unit [DOI]
  42. 42 Ramazani, 2009, One-pot synthesis of alkyl 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)-3-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propanoates from alkyl acetylenecarboxylates, phenothiazine, and triphenylphosphine [DOI]
  43. 43 Mayer, 2006, Synthesis and testing of a focused phenothiazine library of binding to HIV-1 TAR RNA [DOI]
  44. 44 Filip, 1998, Microwave-assisted phenothiazines preparation by thionation of diphenylamines [DOI]
  45. 45 Franz, 2008, Synthesis and electronic properties of sterically demanding N-arylphenothiazines and unexpected Buchwald−Hartwig aminations [DOI]
  46. 46 Ghinet, 2012, An efficient one-pot reaction for the synthesis of pyrazolones bearing a phenothiazine unit [DOI]
  47. 47 Pluta, 2017, Azaphenothiazines—Promising phenothiazine derivatives. An insight into nomenclature, synthesis, structure elucidation and biological properties
  48. 48 Gautam, 2010, Synthesis and pharmacological use of 10H-phenothiazines, their sulfones, and ribofuranosides [DOI]
  49. 49 Egyed, 2013, Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of new N-hydroxyalkyl-2-aminophenothiazines exhibiting marked MDR inhibitory effect [DOI]
  50. 50 Yeh, 2012, Trifluoperazine, an antipsychotic agent, inhibits cancer stem cell growth and overcomes drug resistance of lung cancer [DOI]
  51. 51 Chen, 2015, Four-component approach to N-substituted phenothiazines under transition-metal-free conditions [DOI]
  52. 52 Kanemoto, 2020, Synthesis of phenoxathiins and phenothiazines by aryne reactions with thiosulfonates [DOI]
  53. 53 Sun, 2018, Selective construction of indeno[1,2-b]phenothiazine and indeno[2,1 c]phenothiazine via tandem annulation reaction [DOI]
  54. 54 Jangid, 2019, Antimicrobial studies, synthesis and characterization of novel 1-nitro-10H-phenothiazine bearing sulfone/nucleoside moieties [DOI]
  55. 55 Venkatesan, 2020, Synthesis, spectral characterization and antitumor activity of phenothiazine derivatives [DOI]
  56. 56 Al Zahrani, N.A., El-Shishtawy, R.M., Elaasser, M.M., and Asiri, A.M. (2020). Synthesis of novel chalcone-based phenothiazine derivatives as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Molecules, 25. [DOI]
  57. 57 Singh, 2025, Phenothiazine-linked glutamic acid dendrons: An easy access and a new class of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors
  58. 58 Shukla, D., Azad, I., Sheikh, S.Y., Ali, S.N., Ahmad, N., Kamal, A., Faiyyaz, M., Khan, A.R., Ahmad, V., and Alghamdi, A.A. (2025). Quantum chemical modeling, molecular docking, and ADMET evaluation of imidazole phenothiazine hybrids. Sci. Rep., 15. [DOI]
  59. 59 Patureau, 2019, The phenol-phenothiazine coupling: An oxidative click concept [DOI]
  60. 60 Li, 2009, Cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC): Exploring C−C bond formations beyond functional group transformations [DOI]
  61. 61 Bering, 2018, Nitrosonium ion catalysis: Aerobic, metal-free cross-dehydrogenative carbon–heteroatom bond formation [DOI]
  62. 62 Jin, 2016, Mild, periodate-mediated, dehydrogenative C−N bond formation with phenothiazines and phenols [DOI]
  63. 63 Jin, 2015, O2-mediated dehydrogenative amination of phenols [DOI]
  64. 64 Fu, 2017, Molecular diversity of phenothiazines: Design and synthesis of phenothiazine–dithiocarbamate hybrids as potential cell cycle blockers [DOI]
  65. 65 Onoabedje, 2017, New antimicrobial leads in phenothiazine scaffold: Synthesis, biological assay and virtual screening [DOI]
  66. 66 Brem, B., Gal, E., Găină, L., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L., Fischer-Fodor, E., Tomuleasa, C.I., Grozav, A., Zaharia, V., Filip, L., and Cristea, C. (2017). Novel thiazolo[5,4-b]phenothiazine derivatives: Synthesis, structural characterization, and in vitro evaluation of antiproliferative activity against human leukaemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18. [DOI]
  67. 67 Martin, 2005, Advances in iron catalyzed cross coupling reactions [DOI]
  68. 68 2016, Iron catalysis in organic synthesis: A critical assessment of what it takes to make this base metal a multitasking champion [DOI]
  69. 69 Baruah, M.J., Dutta, R., Zaki, M.E.A., and Bania, K.K. (2024). Heterogeneous iron-based catalysts for organic transformation reactions: A brief overview. Molecules, 29. [DOI]
  70. 70 Hu, 2015, Method for the synthesis of phenothiazines via a domino iron-catalyzed C–S/C–N cross-coupling reaction [DOI]
  71. 71 Dodds, A.C., Puddu, S., and Sutherland, A. (2022). Thioarylation of anilines using dual catalysis: Two-step synthesis of phenothiazines. Org. Biomol. Chem., 20. [DOI]
  72. 72 Purtsas, 2022, Iron-catalyzed oxidative C−O and C−N coupling reactions using air as sole oxidant [DOI]
  73. 73 Xiao, 2024, Fenton-like reaction: Recent advances and new trends [DOI]
  74. 74 Yang, 2022, Cu-Mediated Ullmann-type cross-coupling and industrial applications in route design, process development, and scale-up of pharmaceutical and agrochemical processes [DOI]
  75. 75 Sambiagio, 2014, Copper catalysed Ullmann type chemistry: From mechanistic aspects to modern development [DOI]
  76. 76 Tang, 2015, One-Pot synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazines through copper-catalyzed tandem coupling/double cyclization reaction [DOI]
  77. 77 Zhao, 2020, Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative amination of indole derivatives via single-electron transfer [DOI]
  78. 78 Khelwati, H., Franz, A.W., Zhou, Z., Thiel, W.R., and Müller, T.J.J. (2021). Triazolyl conjugated (oligo)phenothiazines building blocks for hybrid materials—Synthesis and electronic properties. Molecules, 26. [DOI]
  79. 79 Ma, 2017, Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel phenothiazine-1,2,3-triazole analogues [DOI]
  80. 80 Mayer, 2020, Concatenating Suzuki arylation and Buchwald–Hartwig amination by a sequentially Pd-catalyzed one-pot process—Consecutive three-component synthesis of C,N-diarylated heterocycles [DOI]
  81. 81 Kornet, M.M., and Müller, T.J.J. (2024). Recent advances in sequentially Pd-catalyzed one-pot syntheses of heterocycles. Molecules, 29. [DOI]
  82. 82 Dahl, 2008, Palladium-catalyzed three-component approach to promazine with formation of one carbon–sulfur and two carbon–nitrogen bonds [DOI]
  83. 83 Ghabraie, 2020, Phenothiazine-biaryl-containing fluorescent RGD peptides [DOI]
  84. 84 Matsuzawa, 2018, Synthesis of diverse phenothiazines by direct thioamination of arynes with S-(o-bromoaryl)-S-methylsulfilimines and subsequent intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig [DOI]
  85. 85 Rosnati, 1991, Zinc-promoted reactions. 1. Mechanism of the Clemmensen reaction. reduction of benzophenone in glacial acetic acid [DOI]
  86. 86 Rani, 1995, Reduction of arylcarbonyl using zinc dust in acetic acid [DOI]
  87. 87 Bayoumy, 2019, Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of some new heterocycles incorporating phenothiazine moiety [DOI]
  88. 88 Gal, 2021, New fluorescent phenothiazine carboxylates for fluorescent nanomaterials [DOI]
  89. 89 Gal, 2023, New fluorescent electrospun polymer materials containing phenothiazinyl carboxylate metal salts for versatile latent fingerprint detection [DOI]
  90. 90 Jana, 2020, Gold-catalyzed C−H functionalization of phenothiazines with aryldiazoacetates [DOI]
  91. 91 Sheldon, 2018, Metrics of green chemistry and sustainability: Past, present, and future [DOI]
  92. 92 Cristea, 2007, Microwave-assisted synthesis of phenothiazine and qinoline derivatives [DOI]
  93. 93 Gal, 2020, Ultrasound-assisted Strecker synthesis of novel 2-(hetero)aryl-2-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives [DOI]
  94. 94 Venkatesan, 2022, Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel phenothiazine derivatives as potential antitumor agents [DOI]
  95. 95 Sarmiento, 2019, N-Haloacetyl phenothiazines and derivatives: Preparation, characterization and structure-activity relationship for antifungal activity [DOI]
  96. 96 Alsharekh, 2019, Microwave-assisted and thermal synthesis of nanosized thiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives and their biological activities [DOI]
  97. 97 Mohamadighader, 2022, A comprehensive study on electrochemical oxidation of phenothiazine in water-acetonitrile mixture: Electrosynthesis of phenothiazine dimers [DOI]
  98. 98 Zhu, 2021, Organic electrochemistry: Molecular syntheses with potential [DOI]
  99. 99 Martins, 2020, Electrifying green synthesis: Recent advances in electrochemical annulation reactions [DOI]
  100. 100 Luo, L., Yang, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, P., and Zeng, R. (2024). A Photoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of hypochlorous acid with a phenothiazine-based photosensitizer. Molecules, 29. [DOI]
  101. 101 Zhao, 2025, Recent Progress of Mechanofluorochromism and Mechanoluminescence for Pheno-thiazine Derivatives and Analogues [DOI]
  102. 102 Thokala, 2020, Phenothiazine-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells [DOI]
  103. 103 Slobodinyuk, D., and Slobodinyuk, A. (2025). Carbazole- versus phenothiazine-based electron donors for organic dye-sensitized solar cells. Molecules, 30. [DOI]
  104. 104 Mohamadighader, N., Zivari-Moshfegh, F., and Nematollahi, D. (2024). Electrochemical generation of phenothiazin-5-ium. A sustainable strategy for the synthesis of new bis(phenylsulfonyl)-10H-phenothiazine derivatives. Sci. Rep., 14. [DOI]
  105. 105 Ghaderi, 2016, A one-pot, simple, and clean method for synthesis of new phenothiazines via electro-oxidation of hydroquinones in the presence of 2-aminothiophenol [DOI]
  106. 106 Asra, R., Malmakova, A.E., and Jones, A.M. (2024). Electrochemical synthesis of the in human S-oxide metabolites of phenothiazine-containing antipsychotic medications. Molecules, 29. [DOI]
  107. 107 Kononov, 2025, Electrochemical and photochemical functionalization of phenothiazines towards the synthesis of N-aryl phenothiazines: Recent updates and prospects
  108. 108 Staerz, 2022, Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent 20s proteasome activators for the potential treatment of α-synucleinopathies [DOI]
  109. 109 Ramprasad, 2015, Design of new phenothiazine-thiadiazole hybrids via molecular hybridization approach for the development of potent antitubercular agents [DOI]
  110. 110 Scalacci, 2017, Synthesis and SAR evaluation of novel thioridazine derivatives active against drug-resistant tuberculosis [DOI]
  111. 111 Ravichandiran, 2015, Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel 6-(4-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl)phenylamino)-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazin-5-one derivatives [DOI]
  112. 112 Reddyrajula, 2019, Molecular hybridization approach for phenothiazine incorporated 1,2,3-triazole hybrids as promising antimicrobial agents: Design, synthesis, molecular docking and in silico ADME studies [DOI]
  113. 113 Tarapdar, 2018, The design and synthesis of an antibacterial phenothiazine–siderophore conjugate [DOI]
  114. 114 Voronova, O., Zhuravkov, S., Korotkova, E., Artamonov, A., and Plotnikov, E. (2022). Antioxidant properties of new phenothiazine derivatives. Antioxidants, 11. [DOI]
  115. 115 Wu, S., Mao, G., and Kirsebom, L.A. (2016). Inhibition of bacterial RNase P RNA by phenothiazine derivatives. Biomolecules, 6. [DOI]
  116. 116 Kumar, 2015, Designing, syntheses, characterization, computational study and biological activities of silver-phenothiazine metal complex [DOI]
  117. 117 Selvendran, 2018, Biological evaluation of synthesized N-cinnamoyl phenothiazine derivatives [DOI]
  118. 118 Carocci, A., Barbarossa, A., Leuci, R., Carrieri, A., Brunetti, L., Laghezza, A., Catto, M., Limongelli, F., Chaves, S., and Tortorella, P. (2022). Novel phenothiazine/donepezil-like hybrids endowed with antioxidant activity for a multi-target approach to the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Antioxidants, 11. [DOI]
  119. 119 Sivaramakarthikeyan, 2019, Phenothiazine and amide-ornamented dihydropyridines via a molecular hybridization approach: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies [DOI]
  120. 120 Songarj, 2015, The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice [DOI]
  121. 121 Sharma, M.K., Machhi, J., Murumkar, P., and Yadav, M.R. (2018). New role of phenothiazine derivatives as peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonizing anti-obesity agents. Sci. Rep., 8. [DOI]
  122. 122 Wang, 2021, Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer’s disease [DOI]
  123. 123 Vucicevic, 2018, Mechanisms and therapeutic significance of autophagy modulation by antipsychotic drugs [DOI]
  124. 124 Chu, C.-W., Ko, H.-J., Chou, C.-H., Cheng, T.-S., Cheng, H.-W., Liang, Y.-H., Lai, Y.-L., Lin, C.-Y., Wang, C., and Loh, J.-K. (2019). Thioridazine enhances P62-mediated autophagy and apoptosis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. [DOI]
  125. 125 Stojko, 2023, Phenothiazine derivatives and their impact on the necroptosis and necrosis processes. A review [DOI]
  126. 126 Heitmann, A.S.B., Zanjani, A.A.H., Klenow, M.B., Mularski, A., Sønder, S.L., Lund, F.W., Boye, T.L., Dias, C., Bendix, P.M., and Simonsen, A.C. (2021). Phenothiazines alter plasma membrane properties and sensitize cancer cells to injury by inhibiting annexin-mediated repair. J. Biol. Chem., 297. [DOI]
  127. 127 Kang, 2018, Repositioning of the antipsychotic trifluoperazine: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico study of trifluoperazine analogs as anti-glioblastoma agents [DOI]
  128. 128 Dumitriu, 2015, Phenothiazine-based CaaX competitive inhibitors of human farnesyltransferase bearing a cysteine, methionine, serine or valine moiety as a new family of antitumoral compounds [DOI]
  129. 129 Cibotaru, 2022, Pegylation of phenothiazine—A synthetic route towards potent anticancer drugs [DOI]
  130. 130 Omoruyi, 2020, Exploitation of a novel phenothiazine derivative for its anti-cancer activities in malignant glioblastoma [DOI]
  131. 131 Gul, 2018, Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and QSAR studies of phenothiazine derived methoxylated chalcones as anticancer drug candidates [DOI]
  132. 132 Ghorab, 2017, Aromatase inhibitors and apoptotic inducers: Design, synthesis, anticancer activity and molecular modeling studies of novel phenothiazine derivatives carrying sulfonamide moiety as hybrid molecules [DOI]
  133. 133 Liu, 2019, Antitumor evaluation of novel phenothiazine derivatives that inhibit migration and tubulin polymerization against gastric cancer MGC-803 cells [DOI]
  134. 134 Zhang, J.-X., Guo, J.M., Zhang, T.T., Lin, H.J., Qi, N.S., Li, Z.G., Zhou, J.C., and Zhang, Z.Z. (2018). Antiproliferative phenothiazine hybrids as novel apoptosis inducers against MCF-7 breast cancer. Molecules, 23. [DOI]
  135. 135 Narsimha, 2019, Synthesis, antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of novel phenothiazine[1, 2, 3] triazole hybrids [DOI]
  136. 136 Wu, C.-H., Bai, L.-Y., Tsai, M.-H., Chu, P.-C., Chiu, C.-F., Chen, M.Y., Chiu, S.-J., Chiang, J.-H., and Weng, J.-R. (2016). Pharmacological exploitation of the phenothiazine antipsychotics to develop novel antitumor agents–A drug repurposing strategy. Sci. Rep., 6. [DOI]
  137. 137 Gao, 2019, Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel phenothiazine derivatives as inhibitors of breast cancer stem cells [DOI]
  138. 138 Csonka, 2015, Reversal of ABCB1-related multidrug resistance of colonic adenocarcinoma cells by phenothiazines
  139. 139 Sachdeva, 2019, Design, synthesis and characterisation of novel phenothiazine-based triazolopyridine derivatives: Evaluation of anti-breast cancer activity on human breast carcinoma [DOI]
  140. 140 Moise, I.M., Bîcu, E., Farce, A., Dubois, J., and Ghinet, A. (2020). Indolizine-phenothiazine hybrids as the first dual inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and farnesyltransferase with synergistic antitumor activity. Bioorg. Chem., 103. [DOI]
  141. 141 Luan, 2020, The design and synthesis of novel phenothiazine derivatives as potential cytotoxic agents [DOI]
  142. 142 Środa-Pomianek, K., Michalak, K., Palko-Łabuz, A., Uryga, A., Swiatek, P., Majkowski, M., and Wesołowska, O. (2019). The combined use of phenothiazines and statins strongly affects doxorubicin-resistance, apoptosis, and Cox-2 activity in colon cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. [DOI]

Cited by 6

Showing 1 of 6 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

0

Page views

0

PDF downloads

0

Outbound clicks

6

Citations

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

No views recorded yet.

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

No traffic recorded yet.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.