The Impact of Climate Change on Flowering Patterns and Productivity in Floriculture: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The floriculture industry, a vital component of global horticulture, is increasingly threatened by climate change, which disrupts flowering patterns, reduces productivity, and alters the market value of ornamental crops. This review synthesizes current research on how climatic factors-such as temperature fluctuations, altered precipitation, elevated atmospheric CO₂, and extreme weather events-affect key aspects of floricultural crop growth and phenology. Rising temperatures accelerate flowering in many species but can also lead to heat stress, floral bud abortion, and reduced flower quality in sensitive crops like roses (Rosa hybrida) and snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus). Similarly, changes in precipitation patterns, including drought and waterlogging, further complicate floral development by impairing water and nutrient uptake. Elevated CO₂ generally promotes biomass accumulation and water-use efficiency but may not necessarily translate into improved floral yield or quality. To address these challenges, the adoption of adaptive strategies such as breeding climate-resilient varieties, implementing optimized agronomic practices, and utilizing controlled environment agriculture is critical. Future research must focus on species-specific and long-term studies to identify the differential impacts of climate change on diverse floricultural species. Moreover, multi-stressor impact assessments and exploration of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation are needed to develop cultivars capable of maintaining high performance under complex environmental conditions. Integrating climate models and decision support systems will further enable precise forecasting and strategic planning, supporting growers in mitigating climate-related risks. By advancing understanding in these areas, the floriculture industry can better adapt to changing climates and maintain economic sustainability, ensuring the continued success of this important sector amidst global environmental shifts.