Traditional Cosmeceutical and Therapeutic Uses of Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) in the Maritime Region of Togo

Abstract

Introduction: Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa), revered as "women's gold," is a vital socio-economic and cultural resource in Togo. However, the associated traditional knowledge, transmitted orally, is poorly documented and threatened by urbanization and ecological pressures. This study documents and analyzes the traditional cosmeceutical and therapeutic applications of shea butter in Togo's Maritime region to preserve this intangible heritage and explore its potential for sustainable development. Materials and Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from September to November 2024, involving semi-structured interviews with 210 women (resellers, users, beauticians) across eight prefectures. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and citation frequency calculations. A targeted literature review was performed to identify articles that explain the therapeutic and cosmetological mechanisms of our research finding. Results: Results highlight a dual function: cosmetic, dominated by skin hydration (92.9% of citations), and therapeutic, led by the relief of muscular and joint pain (85.6%). The investigation also documented the medicinal uses of the tree's bark, leaves, and roots, confirming a holistic ethnobotanical knowledge. By corroborating these traditional cosmetic and therapeutic practices with scientific literature, the study validates their biochemical basis, particularly the anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the butter's rich unsaponifiable fraction. Conclusion: By comparing this traditional knowledge with scientific literature, the study validates the biochemical basis of these ancestral practices, particularly the anti-inflammatory and regenerative role of the butter's rich unsaponifiable fraction. While insightful, the study's qualitative design and snowball sampling limit the generalizability of the findings. The study underscores the necessity of preserving this threatened heritage and promoting its sustainable development through value chains that respect local knowledge.