Understanding Ageing in India: A Multi-Dimensional Review of Problems and Prospects

Abstract

India is undergoing a rapid demographic transition marked by a growing proportion of older adults. This review synthesizes evidence on the health, social, economic and rights-related problems faced by the elderly in India, with particular attention to elder abuse and neglect. Drawing on national surveys, peer-reviewed research and legal frameworks, the paper describes the prevalence and correlates of physical and psychological morbidity, functional dependence, polypharmacy, social isolation and multiple forms of mistreatment including financial exploitation and neglect, Psychological and mental health problems. These studies highlight that elderly individuals suffering from depression or chronic health conditions are at an elevated risk of neglect and abuse. Elder abuse has profound consequences for physical and psychological health. Victims experience worsening chronic conditions, higher rates of depressive disorders, increased somatic complaints and reduced quality of life. The National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE), launched in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, provides dedicated geriatric healthcare services at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Mental health problems, principally depression and anxiety, are frequent and are exacerbated by physical illness, pain and social isolation. The review discusses the role of family change, poverty and policy gaps in shaping vulnerability and evaluates existing legislative protections and community-level interventions. Recommendations emphasize integrated healthcare screening, caregiver support, legal enforcement and culturally adapted community programs to uphold the dignity and rights of older adults. Legal frameworks such as the Maintenance and Welfare Act provide foundations for protection, but effective change will depend on implementing accessible services, strengthening community support and investing in caregiver assistance.