District Level Assessment of Cropping Intensity for Agricultural Intensification in Bihar, India

Abstract

Cropping intensity is an important indicator of agricultural intensification and land-use efficiency, particularly in densely populated agrarian regions where the scope for expansion of cultivable land is limited. In states such as Bihar, increasing cropping intensity has become essential for enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security and improving rural livelihoods under conditions of land fragmentation, population pressure and climatic uncertainty. The present study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of cropping intensity at the district level in Bihar during 2004-05 and 2024-25. The study is based on secondary data collected from agricultural statistics and government publications. Cropping intensity was calculated as the ratio of gross cropped area to net sown area and analysed using statistical and geospatial techniques. Districts were classified into low, medium and high cropping intensity categories using fixed threshold values to ensure temporal comparability. The findings reveal considerable regional variation in cropping intensity across Bihar. The cropping intensity increased from 132.78 % in 2004-05 to 151.65 % in 2024-25. In 2004-05, the highest cropping intensity was observed in district Saharsa (177.41%), while the lowest was in Gaya (101.26%).  In 2024-25, the highest cropping intensity was recorded in Rohtas (193.03%) and the lowest in Munger (112.67 %). The highest positive change in cropping intensity was recorded in Rohtas (+58.40%), the largest decline was observed in Gopalganj (-33.37%).  However, inter-district disparities continue to persist due to differences in irrigation infrastructure, climatic conditions, technological accessibility and socio-economic factors. The study highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural intensification and region-specific planning for improving land-use efficiency and strengthening food security in Bihar. The findings may support agricultural policy formulation and spatial planning for balanced agricultural development in the state.