Water Quality Dynamics and Correlation Analysis in Freshwater Fish Ponds of Hisar District, India

Abstract

Freshwater aquaculture plays a crucial role in rural development and food security in India, particularly in semi-arid regions like Haryana, where village ponds serve as vital resources. This study comparatively evaluates the physicochemical water quality parameters of managed and unmanaged fish ponds in the Hisar district over a six-month period (January–June 2024). The objective was to assess temporal trends, spatial variations, and ecological interactions influencing pond productivity. Water samples were collected monthly from four ponds (two managed, two unmanaged) and analysed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, alkalinity, hardness, conductivity, and ammonia. Results indicated distinct seasonal patterns, with water temperature rising from ~22°C to >32°C, correlating with increased salinity and TDS due to evaporation. Spatially, unmanaged ponds exhibited significantly higher pH (>9.0), conductivity, and hardness, indicative of eutrophication and anthropogenic stress, whereas managed ponds-maintained parameters within optimal ranges for aquaculture. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant relationships, notably a negative correlation between DO and BOD (p = -0.56) and positive correlations among TDS, conductivity, and ammonia (p = 0.68). The findings highlight the critical impact of management practices on hydro-geochemistry and underscore the need for regular monitoring and corrective interventions in unmanaged ponds to mitigate risks of high alkalinity and ammonia toxicity, ensuring sustainable aquaculture production.