Evaluation of Serum IFN-gamma and IL-10 Equilibrium in HIV-Positive Subjects on ART in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: In the clinical management of HIV, viral suppression is often the primary focus, yet the underlying immune architecture frequently remains in a state of disharmony. This study investigated the pro-inflammatory (IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) profiles of HIV-positive subjects on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) compared to healthy controls in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted involving 126 participants: 63 HIV-positive individuals on stable ART and 63 healthy controls. Cytokine levels were quantified using high-sensitivity Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The study observed a profound cytokine inversion. IFN-gamma levels were significantly depleted in the HIV group compared to controls while IL-10 levels were significantly lower than the control group, suggesting a state of suppressed peace rather than balanced regulation. Regional variations were significant for IL-10 and the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, with Rivers West exhibiting the lowest ratio, indicating a shift toward a Th2-skewed environment and advancing immune dysfunction. Conclusion: ART alone is insufficient to restore immunological homeostasis, leaving a protection gap despite viral suppression. The persistent dysregulation of the IFN-γ/IL-10 equilibrium underscores the need for clinical attention beyond mere viral load monitoring.