Anaemia and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Brief Review on the Direction of Their Relationship

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 10% of the adult population worldwide. Anaemia is the common complication in CKD, which severely impacts patient quality of life and increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. The primary cause of anaemia in CKD patients is insufficient production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone essential for red blood cell production, due to impaired kidney function. Other contributing factors include disruptions in iron metabolism, chronic inflammation, and elevated hepcidin levels, which hinder iron absorption and availability. Anaemia exacerbates symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and cognitive impairment in CKD patients, significantly diminishing their daily functioning and overall well-being. Effective management of anaemia in CKD patients necessitates a comprehensive approach involving regular monitoring of haemoglobin and iron levels, timely administration of treatments such as EPO and intravenous iron, and addressing underlying causes. This review provides an overall overview of the pathophysiological connections, clinical implications, diagnosis, and management strategies for anaemia in CKD patients, highlighting the need for ongoing research and integrated care approaches.