Evaluating the Socio-Economic Impact of Wildlife Hunting on the Livelihood of the Ethnic Garo Tribe in Madhupur, Bangladesh

Abstract

Biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem balance, providing food, medicine, and economic benefits, and supporting climate regulation. However, the destruction of flora and fauna harms the natural ecosystem, which impacts the country both economically and culturally. This study aims to find out the impacts of wildlife hunting on the livelihoods of the Garo Tribe, drawing on socio-economic and ecological perspectives. A total of 150 Garo people voluntarily participated in a well-structured questionnaire from different villages surrounding the Madhupur National Forest (MNF), where the majority (51.33%) lived on a low income. Therefore, they indirectly depend on forests for food and fuel. This study found 79 species of 19 orders under 55 families of Amphibians (6.33%), Reptiles (12.66%), Aves (63.29%), and Mammals (17.72%) which covered 8.58% of the total wildlife populations in Bangladesh. Historically, wildlife hunting has served as a fundamental means of food security and cultural expression for the Garo; however, unsustainable hunting practices have led to a decline in wildlife populations. As a result, 17 species of under 15 families of Mammals, Aves, and Reptiles were found to be regionally extinct in MNF. Threats to the biodiversity of the MNF highlight the importance of local conservation efforts. Understanding the consequences, the Garo people are now focusing on alternative livelihood strategies that mitigate the environmental impact. Strengthening partnerships between governments, NGOs, and indigenous communities can co-develop conservation policies that tackle wildlife hunting's root causes while promoting socio-economic resilience and cultural preservation.