Formulation Strategies and Quality Considerations of Spirulina Tablets: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Spirulina tablets from Arthrospira platensis biomass provide a nutrient-dense nutraceutical rich in 55–70% proteins, phycocyanin, GLA, and micronutrients, yet face formulation challenges including poor flow (Carr's index >25%), low compressibility, hygroscopicity, pigment instability, and sensory issues. This review consolidates preformulation characterization, targeted excipient strategies (co-processed MCC, super disintegrants, antioxidants), and optimized processes (wet/dry granulation enabling >80% loading) that yield robust tablets meeting hardness >5 kg/cm², friability <1%, disintegration <15 min, and phycocyanin retention >90%. Comprehensive quality control via ICP-MS heavy metal analysis (<0.5 ppm), ICH stability testing (40°C/75% RH >12 months), and Alu-Alu blister packaging ensures FDA cGMP, EFSA, and FSSAI compliance. Emerging innovations like effervescent/chewable formats, nano-phycocyanin, and 3D-printed polypills target the >$800M precision nutraceutical market by 2030, though IVIVC development, tablet-specific RCTs, and pharmacopeial monographs remain essential for qualified health claims and global scalability.