Health Implications of Volcanic Ash and Gases from Eruptions at Mount Nyiragongo and Mount Cameroon, Central Africa

Abstract

Aims: To assess the prevalence of respiratory, ocular, and skin diseases in communities exposed to volcanic hazards at the flanks of Mount Nyiragongo (MN) and Mount Cameroon (MC). Study Design: This study utilized a mixed-method approach, incorporating focus group discussions (FGDs), questionnaire surveys, and a review of outpatient department (OPD) registers.  Place and Duration of Study: Conducted between 2017 and 2019 in Goma and Karisimbi Municipalities (DR Congo) and the Limbe Health District (Cameroon).  Methodology: Two workshops were held in Goma and Batoke with 40 participants each. Supplementary data were collected through questionnaires from 738 participants in Goma and 400 in Limbe. Hospital data on respiratory, ocular, skin, and gastrointestinal diseases were obtained from 11 health facilities in Goma, Karisimbi, Nyiragongo, Sake, and Limbe, covering the years 1997 to 2006. The study focused on the 2002 MN and 1999/2000 MC eruptions.  Results: Significant increases in respiratory diseases (asthma and bronchitis) were observed, with over 4000 cases in MN and affecting over 30% of the population in MC. Ocular diseases (conjunctivitis and blindness) saw over 800 cases, impacting more than 25% of the population. Skin diseases (dermatitis) recorded over 600 cases, affecting over 35% of the population. Increased incidences of diarrhoea (79.96%) and gastroenteritis (75.9%) were reported in MN communities. Conclusion: The prevalence of respiratory, ocular, skin, and gastrointestinal diseases varied across health districts, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions.