Sand Flies and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria: Prevalence of Leishmaniasis and Impact of Sociodemographic Factors

Abstract

Sand flies pose a significant public health concern in Nigeria because certain species transmit cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the disease in selected areas across three senatorial zones of Imo State Owerri (Egbu), Okigwe (Umuasonye Obowo), and Orlu (Umuaka) from March to November 2025. Sand fly biting activity was monitored using the human landing technique, and 138 long-term residents (each living in the community for at least 10 years) were examined clinically. Blood samples were tested using an IgG/IgM rapid diagnostic kit from Bioantibody Biotechnology Co. Ltd., USA. Additionally, structured questionnaires were administered to 111 males and 164 females to assess community knowledge related to sand flies. Data were analyzed using percentages, and Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. Sand fly activity peaked between 5 pm and 7 pm. Dissection of sand flies revealed no leishmaniasis parasites. Among the 138 participants, only one male trader above 60 years tested positive, representing a prevalence of 0.72% (2.12% of males and 3.54% among traders). Most respondents (55.45%) recognized sand flies by their local name “Anwuta”. Educational level had a significant influence on knowledge (p < 0.05). Although 36.32% reported night as the peak biting period, only 0.81% were aware of the link between sand flies and cutaneous leishmaniasis; 89.38% incorrectly associated sand flies with malaria. The study concludes that environmental conditions in the surveyed areas support sand fly breeding, and though the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was low, it remains statistically significant.